Data from: Phenology in freshwaters: a review and recommendations for future research

Phenology changes are increasingly recognized as a common response of species to ongoing global change. Phenology can be influenced by environmental cues that impact the initiation or duration of life history events as well as intrinsic organismal traits that may affect how different species respond to such environmental cues. Despite the importance of phenology for biodiversity conservation as demonstrated by terrestrial and marine research, freshwater phenology is understudied. Therefore, we conducted a literature review on freshwater phenology research to summarize the spatial, taxonomic, and temporal biases of studies; as well as relationships between phenology metrics, environmental cues, and intrinsic species traits studied in these systems. We find that phenology research in freshwaters may be limited by a lack of long-term time-series data, especially in lotic habitats. Phenology metrics studied differed between lotic and lentic habitats, with limnological research focused on planktonic population growth whereas macroinvertebrate emergence and fish spawning seasons are the most frequently studied aspects of phenology in streams and rivers. Across habitats, temperature is the most investigated environmental cue, with additional research attention to resources and hydrology in influencing phenology events in lentic and lotic environments, respectively. Knowledge gaps in contemporary freshwater phenology research include relationships between phenology and environmental cues in tropical systems, understanding of non-salmonid fish phenology, and testing hypotheses related to intrinsic traits. We recommend that future research broaden the biological, spatial and temporal scales of phenology studies in these systems, and make use of novel data sources, methods, and technologies to address contemporary research gaps.物候变化日益被认定为物种对当前全球变化的普遍响应。物候可受两类因素调控：一类是影响生物生活史事件起始或持续时长的环境信号，另一类是可能影响不同物种对这类环境信号响应模式的内在生物学性状。尽管陆地与海洋领域的研究已证实物候对生物多样性保护的重要性，但淡水物候的相关研究仍较为匮乏。为此，我们开展了淡水物候研究的系统性文献综述，旨在总结该领域研究在空间、分类学与时间维度上的偏倚，以及该研究系统中所涉及的物候指标、环境信号与内在物种性状之间的关联。我们发现，淡水物候研究或因缺乏长期时序数据而受限，尤其是在流水生境（lotic habitats）中。不同生境下所研究的物候指标存在显著差异：湖沼学研究（limnological research）多聚焦于浮游种群增长，而溪流与河流中的物候研究则最常关注大型无脊椎动物羽化（macroinvertebrate emergence）与鱼类产卵季（fish spawning seasons）。在各类生境中，温度是被研究最多的环境信号；此外，分别有较多研究关注资源可获得性与水文条件对静水生境（lentic habitats）、流水生境物候事件的调控作用。当前淡水物候研究的知识空白包括：热带生态系统中物候与环境信号的关联机制、对非鲑形目鱼类物候的认知不足，以及验证与内在性状相关的研究假说。我们建议未来研究应拓宽淡水物候研究的生物学、空间与时间尺度，并利用新型数据源、方法与技术来填补当前的研究空白。