Table 2_A scoping review of emotion and non-cognitive measures of decision-making ability in older adults by the ARMCADA study.docx

IntroductionDecision-making is a complex form of cognitive function that declines with age and is highly susceptible to impairment from dementia due to Alzheimer’s and related neurogenerative diseases. Emotions and other non-cognitive assets are also believed to influence decision-making ability. The Advancing Reliable Measurement in Cognitive Aging and Decision-making Ability (ARMCADA) research initiative seeks to understand how measures of emotion and non-cognitive influences of decision-making (ENC DM) have been used in research and clinical settings. The scoping review examined the recent literature on decision-making measures involving emotion and non-cognitive domains in aging samples.
MethodsUsing a well-established scoping review methodology framework we conducted a systematic search across six databases—Embase (Elsevier), MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO (EbscoHost), Cochrane Library, Web of Science (Clarivate), and Scopus (Elsevier)—to identify studies published between January 2018 and November 2023 that met our predefined eligibility criteria. In line with recommended best practices, sample selection was carried out in two-stages: First, two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance; second, full-text articles were reviewed, and data were extracted from those that met the inclusion criteria.
ResultsThe final dataset included 232 articles and, among them, 143 unique emotion and non-cognitive decision-making measures. Twenty-eight percent of manuscripts used measures with a clinical sample, 26% used measures with a normative adult sample, and 47% used measures with both clinical and non-clinical samples. The five most frequent measures used were: Iowa Gambling Task, Balloon Analogue Risk Task, Delay Discounting Task, Decisional Conflict Scale, and Cambridge Gambling Task.
DiscussionResults of the most common decision-making measures reflect a preference for assessing risk-taking and impulsivity in the sphere of non-cognitive and emotion function. Such trends were also found in clinical samples of older adults with neurodegenerative diseases. These findings inform the larger ARMCADA project in the development of reliable and validated measurement of decision-making among older adults. It will also support researchers studying older adults’ decision-making skills and their vulnerability to diseases that cause cognitive impairment and dementia, with an understanding of the current assessments used to track ENC DM.
Systematic review registrationhttps://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/12/e084178

引言
决策是一类复杂的认知功能，会随年龄增长出现衰退，且极易因阿尔茨海默病及相关神经退行性疾病引发的痴呆而出现功能受损。情绪与其他非认知因素同样被证实会对决策能力产生影响。**推进认知老化与决策能力可靠测量（Advancing Reliable Measurement in Cognitive Aging and Decision-making Ability, ARMCADA）** 研究倡议旨在梳理情绪与决策的非认知影响因素（emotion and non-cognitive influences of decision-making, ENC DM）相关测量手段在科研与临床场景中的应用现状。本次范围综述（scoping review）针对2018年1月至2023年11月期间发表的、针对老年群体的情绪与非认知领域决策测量相关文献展开系统性调研。

方法
本研究采用成熟的范围综述方法论框架，在六大数据库中开展系统性检索：Embase（爱思唯尔(Elsevier)）、MEDLINE（Ovid平台）、PsycINFO（EbscoHost平台）、Cochrane图书馆、Web of Science（科睿唯安(Clarivate)）及Scopus（爱思唯尔），以筛选2018年1月至2023年11月间发表、符合预设纳入标准的相关研究。遵循学术领域推荐的最佳实践，样本筛选分为两个阶段：第一阶段由两名评审员独立筛查文献标题与摘要以判断相关性；第二阶段对符合纳入标准的全文文献进行审阅并提取研究数据。

结果
最终纳入的数据集包含232篇文献，其中涉及143种独特的情绪与决策非认知影响因素相关决策测量手段。28%的研究论文采用临床样本开展测量，26%采用常模成人样本，47%同时采用临床与非临床样本。使用频次最高的五种测量工具分别为：爱荷华赌博任务（Iowa Gambling Task）、气球模拟风险任务（Balloon Analogue Risk Task）、延迟折扣任务（Delay Discounting Task）、决策冲突量表（Decisional Conflict Scale）以及剑桥赌博任务（Cambridge Gambling Task）。

讨论
本次研究中最常用的决策测量手段反映出，学界在非认知与情绪功能领域更倾向于评估风险倾向与冲动性特征，这一趋势在罹患神经退行性疾病的老年临床样本中同样存在。上述研究结果可为ARMCADA项目开发针对老年群体的可靠且经过验证的决策能力测量工具提供重要参考，同时也将助力研究老年群体决策能力及其对认知损害与痴呆相关疾病易感性的科研人员，帮助他们更好地理解当前用于追踪ENC DM的评估手段。

系统综述注册
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/12/e084178