Intestinal nematode infection confers a benefit to a non-declining frog species, while a fungal parasitic infection has sublethal impacts on reproductive investment

Emerging infectious disease is a major cause of wildlife decline around the world. Understanding the impacts of disease even in non-declining populations is important for understanding population-level health and resilience to other emerging threats. In this study, we explored the sublethal impacts of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd, and a novel intestinal nematode on the non-declining Australian frog, Litoria lesueuri. We collected male animals that were either infected with the fungal parasite, infected with a nematode parasite, infected with both parasites, or uninfected and brought them into the lab, and monitored their morphology and fungal pathogen load over a 7-week trial. At the end of the experiment, we dissected the animals, collected the testes, and identified their nematode prevalence and burden. We morphologically and molecularly characterised the intestinal nematode as belonging to the genus Parathelandros within the order Oxyuridae. We found th..., Field collection and husbandry
Male L. lesueuri (n=32) were collected from the wild at two sites in Lerderderg State Park (O’Briens Crossing, elevation 453m, -37.496026, 144.360978; Mackenzies Flat, elevation 33m, -37.615696, 144.424809) in the austral summer of December 2022. Litoria lesueuri are sexually dimorphic, and males are distinguished by their characteristic yellow breeding colouration and their smaller size. The animals were not treated for Bd infection on arrival in the lab, and any naturally acquired infection from the wild was allowed to develop during the experiment. 
Once captured in the field, individuals were maintained individually for biosecurity to ensure pathogens were not spread. Frogs were housed in individual tanks (230× 150×130 mm) on a gravel and moss substrate. Animals were maintained in the lab at an average temperature of 18°C, with a range between 15 and 23°C. Enclosures were flushed daily with filtered water, and frogs were fed small crickets ad libi..., , # Data from: Intestinal nematode infection confers a benefit to a non-declining frog species, while a fungal parasitic infection has sublethal impacts on body condition and reproductive investment

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.f1vhhmh6c](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.f1vhhmh6c)

## Description of the data and file structure

**Wallace Data1 coinfection**: This data file includes metadata on the frogs as well as infection data for each individual over time. The week is the week of the experiment, starting at 0, which was when the individuals were collected from the wild. FrogID is the individual ID for each frog. Tank is f, rog ID but in numeric form. Sex is male for all animals. SVLmm is the snout to venter length in mm, and Frogmass is the mass of the frog in g.Arm1, 2,2, and 3 are the width of the arm in mm, thumb1, 2, and are the length of the nuptial pad on the thumb in mm. Bd status week is whether the individual swabbed for each week for Bd infection was positive (1) or negative...,

新发传染病是全球野生动物种群衰退的主要诱因。即便针对未出现种群衰退的群体，解析疾病的影响也有助于深入理解种群整体健康水平，以及其应对其他新发威胁的恢复能力。本研究针对未发生种群衰退的澳大利亚蛙类——莱氏雨滨蛙（*Litoria lesueuri*），探究了真菌病原体蛙壶菌（*Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis*, Bd）与一种新型肠道线虫的亚致死效应。我们采集了感染真菌寄生虫、感染线虫寄生虫、同时感染两种寄生虫以及未感染的雄性个体，将其带回实验室，在为期7周的试验中监测其形态特征与真菌病原体载量。试验结束后，我们对受试个体进行解剖，采集其睾丸组织，并统计线虫的感染率与感染强度。经形态学与分子生物学鉴定，该肠道线虫隶属于尖尾目（Oxyurida）的副平尾线虫属（*Parathelandros*）。本研究发现……

## 野外采集与饲养管理
2022年12月的南半球夏季，我们在莱德德格州立公园的两个采样点（奥布莱恩渡口，海拔453米，坐标-37.496026, 144.360978；麦肯齐平原，海拔33米，坐标-37.615696, 144.424809）野外采集了32只雄性莱氏雨滨蛙。莱氏雨滨蛙存在性别二态性，雄性个体以其标志性的繁殖期黄色体色与更小的体型作为识别特征。个体抵达实验室后，未针对蛙壶菌感染进行任何治疗，野外自然获得的感染将在试验期间持续发展。

野外捕获后，为保障生物安全，个体被单独饲养以防止病原体扩散。蛙类被饲养在规格为230×150×130毫米的独立饲养箱中，箱内铺设砾石与苔藓作为底材。实验室饲养环境的平均温度为18℃，温度波动范围为15℃至23℃。饲养箱每日使用过滤水冲洗，蛙类自由取食小型蟋蟀……

# 数据来源：肠道线虫感染对未衰退蛙类具有有益效应，而真菌寄生虫感染会对其身体状况与繁殖投入产生亚致死影响
[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.f1vhhmh6c](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.f1vhhmh6c)

## 数据与文件结构说明
**Wallace_Data1_共感染**：该数据文件包含受试蛙类的元数据，以及每只个体随时间变化的感染相关数据。试验周数从0开始计数，第0周即为个体从野外采集的当日。FrogID为每只蛙类的个体编号。Tank列对应以数字形式表示的个体编号。所有个体的性别均为雄性。SVLmm为吻肛长（单位：毫米），Frogmass为蛙类体重（单位：克）。Arm1、2、3为臂宽（单位：毫米），Thumb1、2、3为拇指婚垫长度（单位：毫米）。Bd_status_week列代表每周采样检测蛙壶菌感染的结果，阳性记为1，阴性记为……