Average biases, root mean squared errors (RMSEs), coverage probabilities of 95% confidence intervals and mean confidence intervals widths (CI) for GLLVM estimates based on the plain R and the TMB implementations for the variational approximation and the Laplace approximation methods.

The true model parameters were obtained by fitting a Bernoulli GLLVM with probit link function for the Indonesian birds data with presence-absences of m = 30, 60, 100 and 140 species recorded at n = 37 sites.

针对记录了37个样点处30、60、100、140个物种存在-缺失数据的印尼鸟类数据集，本研究拟合了带有概率单位连接函数（probit link function）的伯努利广义线性潜变量模型（Generalized Linear Latent Variable Model, GLLVM），并由此得到了该数据集对应的真实模型参数。