pone.0326747.t003 -

Depleting fossil fuels necessitate innovative solutions for sustainable biodiesel production from sunflower oil, addressing global energy and environmental challenges. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with the k-ε model and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized frequency (5–15 Hz), baffle diameter ratio (d₀/D: 0.4–0.8 mm), and baffle spacing (3–7 mm) in a single-orifice oscillatory flow reactor (OFR). Optimal conditions (frequency = 12.12 Hz, d₀/D = 0.4 mm, spacing = 10 mm) achieved an 83% biodiesel conversion, maximum turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) of 7.56 m²/s², maximum vorticity of 112.23 1/s, and energy dissipation of 359.82 m²/s³, validated by a TKE-yield correlation (R² = 0.972). Simplified reactor design reduces energy dissipation by 20% compared to multi-orifice reactors (88% yield, higher costs) and smooth periodic constriction reactors (74.5% yield). Findings offer a scalable, eco-friendly solution for industrial biodiesel production, minimizing fossil fuel dependency and enhancing process efficiency.日趋枯竭的化石燃料亟需创新方案，以葵花籽油为原料实现可持续生物柴油生产，从而应对全球能源与环境挑战。本研究采用结合k-ε模型的计算流体动力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD）与响应面法（Response Surface Methodology, RSM），在单孔振荡流反应器（Oscillatory Flow Reactor, OFR）中对三类操作参数进行优化，涉及参数包括频率（5~15 Hz）、挡板直径比（d₀/D：0.4~0.8）以及挡板间距（3~7 mm）。当优化条件设定为频率12.12 Hz、d₀/D=0.4、挡板间距10 mm时，生物柴油转化率可达83%，对应的最大湍流动能（Turbulent Kinetic Energy, TKE）为7.56 m²/s²、最大涡量为112.23 s⁻¹、能量耗散率为359.82 m²/s³；该结果通过湍流动能-产率关联模型（R²=0.972）得到验证。相较于多孔反应器（生物柴油产率88%但成本更高）和平滑周期性收缩反应器（产率74.5%），本研究的简化反应器设计可将能量耗散率降低20%。本研究成果可为工业生物柴油生产提供一套可规模化、环境友好的解决方案，有助于降低化石燃料依赖并提升工艺效率。