A Foundational Alternative Cosmology Without Time or Expanding Space

This work introduces an alternative cosmological model that rejects the concepts of time and spatial expansion. Instead, it proposes a universe governed by classical velocity addition and photonic energy dissipation. Redshift is interpreted as a logarithmic function of distance, resulting from cumulative energy loss of photons during intergalactic travel — not from the expansion of space. A comparative analysis with standard and alternative redshift models demonstrates consistency with observed data (SDSS, HDF), without invoking dark energy or relativistic effects. This version is published to establish priority of authorship. alternative cosmology tired light redshift classical physics velocity addition non-relativistic model photonic energy loss cosmic microwave background expanding universe critique independent research本研究提出了一种替代性宇宙学模型，该模型摒弃了时间与空间膨胀的概念。取而代之的是，该模型提出了一个受经典速度叠加法则与光子能量耗散支配的宇宙。红移（redshift）被诠释为距离的对数函数，其成因是光子在星系际传播过程中累积的能量损耗，而非空间膨胀效应。通过与标准红移模型及其他替代性红移模型的对比分析，本模型无需引入暗能量或相对论效应，即可与观测数据（SDSS、HDF）保持一致。本版本的发布旨在确立作者的著作权优先权。 替代性宇宙学（alternative cosmology） 疲光理论（tired light） 红移（redshift） 经典物理学（classical physics） 速度叠加（velocity addition） 非相对论模型（non-relativistic model） 光子能量损耗（photonic energy loss） 宇宙微波背景（cosmic microwave background） 宇宙膨胀批判（expanding universe critique） 独立研究（independent research）