Selfish Cooperation & Altruistic Competition

We provide files needed to reproduce the results from the paper “Selfish Cooperation & Altruistic Competition: Impacts of Multi-motivated Coopetition in Community Development.”

Cooperation is a fundamental assumption and condition of community development programs. However, like other cooperative relationships, sometimes community development programs may incorporate competition because communities participating in the program would find themselves (formally or informally) comparing to (and also trying to excel) other communities. What makes community development more complicated is the various motivations behind coopetition behaviors—selfishness and altruism. With this in mind, the research question we pursue is: how the combinations of multiple motivations and coopetition behaviors are associated with the community development performances. To answer the question, this study examined a CDD (community-driven development) case implemented by the Korea International Cooperation Agency and the Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation where the CDD leaders of 100 villages were surveyed and interviewed. The analyses present some common patterns of the association between coopetition type and CDD performances, and there are two major findings. First, “selfish cooperation” is likely to associate with the worse CDD performances (than “selfish competition” and “altruistic competition”). The second major finding is that “altruistic cooperation” works best for CDD performance. Such findings may suggest that not only win-win “action” but also win-win “mentality” is crucial to CDD outcomes, because the genuinely motivated cooperation may lead to (1) internal alignment through a shared vision within the villages, and (2) trust and reciprocal support from other villages. We conclude with the synergic combinations of motivation and behavior for the constructive coopetition in community development.

本数据集提供了复现论文《自利性合作与利他性竞争：多动机竞合对社区发展的影响》（Selfish Cooperation & Altruistic Competition: Impacts of Multi-motivated Coopetition in Community Development）研究结果所需的全部文件。

合作是社区发展项目的核心前提与必要条件。然而，与其他合作关系类似，社区发展项目有时也会嵌入竞争机制——参与项目的社区会自觉（无论是正式还是非正式地）与其他社区展开比较，并力求超越对方。而使社区发展实践更为复杂的是，竞合（coopetition）行为背后存在两类核心动机：自利动机与利他动机。

基于上述背景，本研究旨在解答以下核心问题：多重动机与竞合行为的组合模式，如何与社区发展绩效产生关联？为解答该问题，本研究对韩国国际合作署（Korea International Cooperation Agency）与缅甸农业、畜牧与灌溉部（Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation）推行的社区驱动发展（community-driven development, CDD）项目案例展开分析，该案例共对100个村庄的CDD项目负责人开展了问卷调查与访谈。

本研究的分析结果揭示了竞合类型与社区发展绩效之间关联的若干共性规律，并得到两项核心结论：其一，与「自利性竞争」、「利他性竞争」相比，「自利性合作」往往与更差的社区发展绩效相关；其二，「利他性合作」对社区发展绩效的提升效果最佳。

上述研究结果表明，对社区驱动发展项目的成效而言，不仅双赢的「行动」至关重要，双赢的「心态」同样不可或缺：出于真实动机的合作可带来两方面积极影响：一是通过村庄内部的共同愿景实现内部协同，二是获取其他村庄的信任与互助支持。

本研究最终提出，应通过动机与行为的协同组合，构建社区发展中具有建设性的竞合关系。