Eurobarometer 100.2 (2023)

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study all question modules are in the standard Eurobarometer context: 1. Standard EU and trend questions, 2. Europeans’ priorities, 3. European citizenship, 4. The EU’s response to the war in Ukraine, 5. Media use and political information.<br>Topics: 1. Attitudes towards the EU (standard EU and trend questions): assessment of the current situation in the following areas: own country in general, national economy, European economy, personal job situation, financial situation of the own household, national employment situation; expectations for the next twelve months regarding: personal life in general, situation in the own country in general, national economic situation, financial situation of the own household, national employment situation, personal job situation, economic situation in the EU; most important problems in the own country, personally, and in the EU; trust in selected institutions: media, national government, national parliament, European Union, United Nations, NATO; meaning of the EU to the respondent; assessment of the own country’s assumed membership in the EU as a good thing; expectations of benefit from an assumed membership of the own country; assessment of the full application of EU legislation for the Turkish Cypriot Community (TCC) as a good thing; expectations of benefit from the full application of EU legislation for the Turkish Cypriot Community (TCC); knowledge of and trust in selected institutions: European Parliament, European Commission, European Central Bank, European Council; approval of the following statements: respondent understands how the EU works, better development of the own country outside the EU, more decisions to be taken at EU level; optimism about the future of the EU.

2. Europeans’ priorities: satisfaction with democracy in the own country and in the EU; approval of the following statements: recognition of the own country’s interests in the EU, respect of EU core values by all member states; attitude towards the following issues: common foreign policy of all member states, common defence and security policy, common trade policy, common migration policy, common energy policy, further enlargement, free movement of EU citizens, common health policy; attitude towards the following issues: European economic and monetary union with one single currency, digital single market within the EU, inclusion of highest climate, environmental and labour protection standards in new trade agreements concluded by the EU; approval of the following statements: EU has sufficient power and tools to defend its economic interests globally, public money should be used to stimulate private sector investment at EU level, EU should build partnerships with countries outside the EU to invest in sustainable infrastructure and connect people and countries around the world, EU is a place of stability in a troubled world, fair taxation of large technology companies in the EU; attitude towards the effectiveness of the EU recovery plan ‘NextGenerationEU‘; attitude towards the following issues: common European Asylum system, reinforcement of EU external borders; feeling towards immigration of people from: other EU member states, outside the EU; approval of selected statements: immigrants contribute a lot to the own country, own country should help refugees.

3. European citizenship: feeling of attachment towards: own city, own country, European Union, Europe; approval of the following statements: feeling of being a citizen of the EU, knowledge of the rights of EU citizens, desire for more information on the rights of EU citizens; most positive results of the EU; most important factors for creating a feeling of community among EU citizens; approval of selected statements: people in the own country have a lot of things in common, people in the EU have a lot of things in common, people in the EU´s Eastern neighbourhood countries have a lot of things in common with people in the EU; most important personal values; values that best represent the EU; knowledge test on the EU: number of member states in the euro area, direct election of European Parliament members by the citizens of each member state, Switzerland is a member of the EU; awareness of the European flag; attitudes towards the European flag: good symbol for Europe, stands for something good, personal identification with the flag, should be seen on all public buildings in the own country next to national flag.

4. The EU’s response to the war in Ukraine: satisfaction with the response to the Russian invasion in Ukraine by: national government, European Union; attitude towards the following actions with regard to the Russian invasion in Ukraine: imposing economic sanctions on Russian government / companies / individuals, banning state-owned russian media from broadcasting in the EU, financing supply and delivery of military equipment to Ukraine, providing humanitarian support to the people affected by the war, welcoming in the EU refugees from Ukraine, providing financial support to Ukraine, granting candidate status as a potential member of the EU to Ukraine; attitude towards selected statements on the war in Ukraine: invasion is a threat to security of the EU, invasion is a threat to security of the own country, by standing against the invasion the EU is defending European values, co-operation in defence matters at EU level should be increased, more money should be spent on defence in the EU, member states´ purchase of military equipment should be better coordinated, EU needs to reinforce its capacity to produce military equipment, EU should reduce its dependency on Russian sources of energy as soon as possible, EU should invest massively in renewable energies, renewable energy can limit the price for energy consumption in the long run, increasing energy efficiency of buildings and transport and goods will make us less dependent from energy producers outside the EU, reducing imports of oil and gas and investing in renewable energy is important for our overall security, EU member states should jointly buy energy from other countries to get a better price, personally taken action to reduce own energy consumption or planning to do so; assessment of the financial consequences of the war in Ukraine on: personal life, national economy.

5. Media use and political information: assessment of the informedness of the people in the own country about European matters; self-rated knowledge about European matters; frequency of the following activities: watch television on a TV set, watch television via the internet, listen to the radio, listen to podcasts, read written press, read news on the internet, use online social networks; preferred sources of information on European political matters; preferred sources of information on the European Union, its policies and institutions; attitude towards selected statements on political information in online social networks: modern way to keep abreast, not trustworthy, can get people interested, good way to have a say; attitude towards selected statements on the situation of the media in the own country: provide trustworthy information, provide a diversity of views and opinions, provide information free from political or commercial pressure, public service media are free from political pressure; attitude towards the following statements on news that misrepresent reality: often to be found, easy to identify, is a problem in the own country, is a problem for democracy in general.

Demography: age; nationality; life satisfaction; satisfaction with daily life; frequency of discussions about political matters on national, European, and local level; general direction things are going in: own country, EU, USA, personal life; EU image; own voice counts in the own country and in the EU; EU’s voice counts in the world; marital status; age at end of education; highest completed level of full time education; sex; occupation; professional position; type of community; household composition and household size; financial difficulties during the last year; internet use (at home, at work, at school); self-reported belonging to the working class, the middle class or the upper class of society; left-right self-placement.

Additionally coded was: respondent ID; country; nation group; mode of interview; date of interview; time of the beginning of the interview; duration of the interview; number of persons present during the interview; respondent cooperation; size of locality; language of the interview; region; weighting factor.

自20世纪70年代初以来，欧盟委员会（European Commission）的标准与专项欧洲晴雨表（Standard & Special Eurobarometer）便定期对欧盟成员国的公众舆论开展监测。本调查的主要负责方为欧盟委员会通信总司（Directorate-General Communication），偶尔也会由欧盟委员会其他部门或欧洲议会（European Parliament）承接相关工作。随着时间推移，候选成员国与入盟国家也被纳入标准欧洲晴雨表（Standard Eurobarometer）系列调查。部分选定的问题模块或未在全部抽样样本中开展调研，如需了解国家筛选指令或其他问卷跳转筛选规则的详细信息，请查阅基础问卷。本研究涵盖的所有问题模块均属于标准欧洲晴雨表范畴：
1. 欧盟标准与趋势性问题
2. 欧洲民众的优先关切
3. 欧洲公民身份
4. 欧盟对乌克兰危机的应对
5. 媒体使用与政治信息获取

1. 对欧盟的态度（欧盟标准与趋势性问题）：涵盖以下领域的现状评估：本国整体状况、国民经济、欧盟经济、个人就业状况、自身家庭财务状况、国内就业形势；针对未来12个月的预期，包括个人整体生活状况、本国整体形势、国民经济状况、自身家庭财务状况、国内就业形势、个人就业状况、欧盟经济形势；本国、个人层面及欧盟层面的最突出问题；对选定机构的信任度：媒体、本国政府、本国议会、欧盟、联合国、北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO）；欧盟对受访者的意义；将本国加入欧盟视为一件好事的态度；对本国加入欧盟所能带来收益的预期；将欧盟立法全面适用于塞浦路斯土耳其族社群（Turkish Cypriot Community, TCC）视为一件好事的态度；对欧盟立法全面适用于塞浦路斯土耳其族社群所能带来收益的预期；对选定机构的了解与信任度：欧洲议会（European Parliament）、欧盟委员会（European Commission）、欧洲中央银行（European Central Bank）、欧洲理事会（European Council）；对以下表述的认同度：受访者了解欧盟的运作机制、本国脱离欧盟将获得更好发展、更多决策应在欧盟层面做出；对欧盟未来的乐观态度。

2. 欧洲民众的优先关切：对本国及欧盟的民主满意度；对以下表述的认同度：本国在欧盟中的利益得到认可、所有成员国均尊重欧盟核心价值观；对以下议题的态度：所有成员国的共同外交政策、共同防务与安全政策、共同贸易政策、共同移民政策、共同能源政策、欧盟进一步扩容、欧盟公民的自由流动、共同健康政策；对以下议题的态度：采用单一货币的欧洲经济与货币联盟、欧盟内部的数字单一市场（Digital Single Market）、将最高标准的气候、环境与劳动保护纳入欧盟缔结的新贸易协定；对以下表述的认同度：欧盟拥有足够的权力与工具在全球范围内捍卫其经济利益、应使用公共资金在欧盟层面刺激私营部门投资、欧盟应与欧盟外国家建立伙伴关系以投资可持续基础设施并连接全球各地的民众与国家、欧盟是动荡世界中的稳定之地、应对欧盟境内大型科技公司实施公平征税；对欧盟“下一代欧盟”（NextGenerationEU）复苏计划的有效性的态度；对以下议题的态度：欧洲共同庇护体系、强化欧盟外部边境；对来自其他欧盟成员国、欧盟外国家的移民的态度；对以下表述的认同度：移民为本国做出了巨大贡献、本国应帮助难民。

3. 欧洲公民身份：对以下对象的归属感：本国城市、本国、欧盟、欧洲；对以下表述的认同度：拥有欧盟公民身份的归属感、了解欧盟公民的权利、希望获取更多关于欧盟公民权利的信息；欧盟带来的最积极成果；塑造欧盟公民共同体意识的最关键因素；对以下表述的认同度：本国民众拥有诸多共同之处、欧盟民众拥有诸多共同之处、欧盟东部邻国的民众与欧盟民众拥有诸多共同之处；最重要的个人价值观；最能代表欧盟的价值观；欧盟知识测试：欧元区成员国数量、欧洲议会议员由各成员国公民直选产生、瑞士是欧盟成员国；对欧盟旗帜的认知；对欧盟旗帜的态度：是欧洲的良好象征、代表着美好的事物、个人对该旗帜的认同感、应在本国所有公共建筑中与国旗一同悬挂。

4. 欧盟对乌克兰危机的应对：对本国政府、欧盟应对俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的举措的满意度；对以下针对俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的行动的态度：对俄罗斯政府/企业/个人实施经济制裁、禁止俄罗斯国有媒体在欧盟境内播出、为乌克兰提供军事装备的供应与运输资助、为受战争影响的民众提供人道主义援助、接收乌克兰难民进入欧盟、为乌克兰提供财政支持、授予乌克兰欧盟候选成员国资格；对以下关于乌克兰危机的表述的认同度：入侵行为威胁欧盟的安全、入侵行为威胁本国的安全、欧盟通过对抗入侵捍卫欧洲价值观、应强化欧盟层面的防务合作、应在欧盟境内增加防务开支、成员国之间的军事装备采购应得到更好协调、欧盟需提升其军事装备生产能力、欧盟应尽快减少对俄罗斯能源来源的依赖、欧盟应大规模投资可再生能源、可再生能源可长期降低能源消费成本、提升建筑、交通与货物的能源效率将减少我们对欧盟外能源生产国的依赖、减少石油与天然气进口并投资可再生能源对我们的整体安全至关重要、欧盟成员国应联合向其他国家采购能源以获取更优价格、个人已采取或计划采取行动减少自身能源消耗；评估乌克兰危机对个人生活、国民经济的财务影响。

5. 媒体使用与政治信息获取：对本国民众对欧洲事务的知情程度的评估；自评的欧洲事务知识水平；以下活动的开展频率：通过电视机收看电视节目、通过互联网收看电视节目、收听广播、收听播客、阅读纸质媒体、阅读互联网新闻、使用在线社交网络；欧洲政治事务的首选信息来源；欧盟及其政策与机构的首选信息来源；对在线社交网络中政治信息的相关表述的态度：是与时俱进的现代方式、不可信、能吸引人们的兴趣、是表达意见的良好途径；对本国媒体现状的相关表述的态度：提供可信的信息、提供多样化的观点与意见、提供不受政治或商业压力影响的信息、公共服务媒体不受政治压力影响；对以下关于歪曲现实的新闻的表述的态度：此类新闻屡见不鲜、易于识别、在本国是一个问题、总体上对民主构成问题。

人口统计学特征：年龄、国籍、生活满意度、日常生活满意度、就国家、欧洲及地方层面的政治议题展开讨论的频率；对以下事物发展走向的判断：本国、欧盟、美国、个人生活；欧盟形象；自身声音在本国及欧盟层面是否被重视；欧盟在全球的话语权；婚姻状况、受教育结束年龄、全日制教育的最高完成水平、性别、职业、职业职位、社区类型、家庭构成与家庭规模、过去一年中的财务困难情况、互联网使用情况（在家、工作场所、学校）、自评所属的社会阶层：工人阶级、中产阶级或上层阶级、左右翼自我定位。

此外还包含以下编码字段：受访者编号、国家、国家组别、访谈方式、访谈日期、访谈开始时间、访谈时长、访谈期间在场人数、受访者配合度、居住地规模、访谈语言、地区、加权因子。