Model comparison—psychological well-being.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in Religiosity (R), Mental Immunity (MI), and Psychological Well-Being (PWB) in patients with diabetes due to gender and age group variables, and to detect the best predictors of PWB in diabetic patients within the Bayesian framework. The study was conducted from May 2022 to February 2023 on a random sample of 186 Saudis diagnosed with diabetes. After obtaining participants’ consent, they completed three R, MI, and PWB scales. Bayesian Independent Samples t-test was performed to identify differences, and Bayesian linear regression analysis was used to reveal the best prediction model of PWB. The results of the Bayesian independent samples t-test indicated strong evidence supporting the alternative hypothesis H1, suggesting differences between male and female diabetic patients in R, MI, and PWB, with Bayesian factor values exceeding 10 (8.338×10+23, 1.762×10+25, and 1.866×10+24), and Cohen’s δ of (-1.866, -1.934, -1.884). These results indicated that females with diabetes have higher means of R, MI, and PWB compared to males. However, the results also suggested evidence for the null hypothesis H0 of no differences in R, MI, and PWB among diabetic patients due to age group, with Bayesian factor values (0.176, 0.181, and 0.187) less than 1.00 and small Cohen’s δ of (-0.034, -0.050, -0.063). Bayesian linear regression analysis detected strong evidence that the model including MI is the best predictive model (BF10 for mental immunity is 1.00 and for the other two models are 0.07 and 4.249×10−16) for the PWB of diabetic patients, however, there is no evidence that the model including R or the interaction between R and MI is the best predictor of PWB for diabetic patients. These findings highlight the need for direct psychological care services for male diabetic patients and the urgent need to enhance IM in diabetic patients to improve their PWB. Furthermore, results recommended that healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia integrate MI interventions into diabetes care programs.

本研究旨在探讨糖尿病患者的宗教虔诚度（Religiosity, R）、心理免疫力（Mental Immunity, MI）与心理幸福感（Psychological Well-Being, PWB）在性别与年龄组变量上的差异，并在贝叶斯框架（Bayesian framework）内探寻糖尿病患者PWB的最佳预测因子。本研究于2022年5月至2023年2月期间开展，研究对象为186名经确诊的沙特糖尿病患者随机样本。在获取研究对象知情同意后，受试者完成了针对R、MI与PWB的三份量表测评。贝叶斯独立样本t检验（Bayesian Independent Samples t-test）被用于识别组间差异，贝叶斯线性回归（Bayesian linear regression）分析则用于构建PWB的最优预测模型。贝叶斯独立样本t检验结果显示，存在强证据支持备择假设H1，表明男性与女性糖尿病患者在R、MI与PWB维度上存在显著差异，贝叶斯因子（Bayesian factor）值均超过10（分别为8.338×10^23、1.762×10^25与1.866×10^24），科恩δ值（Cohen’s δ）分别为-1.866、-1.934与-1.884。上述结果表明，女性糖尿病患者的R、MI与PWB平均得分均高于男性患者。然而，研究结果也显示存在证据支持原假设H0，即不同年龄组的糖尿病患者在R、MI与PWB维度上无显著差异，贝叶斯因子值分别为0.176、0.181与0.187（均小于1.00），科恩δ值分别为-0.034、-0.050与-0.063（数值较小）。贝叶斯线性回归分析显示，包含MI的模型为糖尿病患者PWB的最佳预测模型（针对心理免疫力的BF10为1.00，其余两个模型的BF10分别为0.07与4.249×10^-16）；未发现存在证据表明包含R或R与MI交互项的模型可作为糖尿病患者PWB的最佳预测因子。本研究结果提示，需为男性糖尿病患者提供针对性的心理护理服务，且亟需通过提升糖尿病患者的心理免疫力以改善其心理幸福感。此外，研究建议沙特阿拉伯的医疗服务机构可将心理免疫力干预措施纳入糖尿病护理方案中。