Parental predator exposure affects offspring boldness and laterality in the stickleback

Parental influences on offspring phenotype occurring through pathways other than via inherited DNA sequences are known as parental effects. Parental effects profoundly influence offspring behaviour, including behaviour laterality and personality, two traits that are widespread and of fundamental importance in the animal kingdom with clear fitness consequences. However, the impact of parental effects on the interaction between behavioural laterality and personality within the same species has not been previously explored. If such a link exists, it would deepen our understanding of personality traits, extending them to brain laterality and its underlying neurobiology. In addition, if both traits are causally linked, it may constrain evolution as changing one of these traits would affect the other.  The aim of this study was to examine whether offspring personality traits and behavioural laterality are related and can simultaneously be influenced by parental effects, suggesting a common un..., We observed the response of the adult fish  to a predator model under controlled lab conditions. We tested 26 fish from the predation treatment and 24 from the control. These fish were moved from their home-pond a day before the test and placed into one of four aquaria (80x35x40 cm) to allow them to acclimatize.
 A focal fish was selected from the housing aquarium and gently placed in a novel experimental tank (40x30x40 cm). The experimental tank was furnished with a tube as shelter (5x10 cm), gravel on the floor and a tethered perch model of which the movement was remotely controlled by hand (Fig.2). To further simulate the presence of predators in the environment, we added Perch odour (5ml) to the test aquarium. The experimental tank was positioned in an illuminated wooden box to avoid external disturbance. The duration of the experiment was 10 mins and the behaviour of the subjects was recorded using an overhead camera (Raspberry Pi NoIR Camera Board V2 – 8MP, Raspberry Pi Foundation..., , # Parental predator exposure affects offspring boldness and laterality in the stickleback

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ncjsxkt5x](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ncjsxkt5x)

## Description of the data and file structure

Non-parametric tests were performed using SPSS 26.0. We tested the personality and laterality data for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test and because the data were not normally distributed, we analysed the data using non-parametric procedures. We used the Mann-Whitney U test (MWU) to check for differences in personality traits (shyness- time spent in the safe zone) between the treatments in both the parental and the offspring generations and length in the latter.

Boldness Test Parents

The Excel file used for these analyses is named “parentaleffects,” and the specific sheet is titled “adults.” The legend is as follows:
Files and variables
File: lateralitypersonality.csv
Description:

Variables
ID:ID of the fish
Group:Control or treatment
Tank:Number of the home ta...

除通过遗传DNA序列之外的途径产生的亲本对后代表型的影响，被称为亲本效应（parental effects）。亲本效应对后代行为具有深刻影响，包括行为偏侧性与人格——这两类性状在动物界广泛存在且具有根本重要性，并伴随明确的适合度后果。然而，此前尚未有研究探讨亲本效应对同一物种内行为偏侧性与人格之间相互作用的影响。若二者间存在此类关联，将加深我们对人格性状的理解，并将其延伸至大脑偏侧性及其潜在的神经生物学机制。此外，若两类性状存在因果关联，则可能制约进化进程——因为改变其中一种性状会对另一性状产生影响。
本研究旨在探究后代的人格性状与行为偏侧性是否相关，且是否可同时受亲本效应的影响，表明二者存在共同的未……。
我们在可控实验室条件下观察了成鱼对捕食者模型的响应。本次实验共测试了捕食处理组的26尾鱼与对照组的24尾鱼。这些鱼在实验前1天从其原饲养池转移，放置于4个规格为80×35×40 cm的水族箱中的一个以完成适应。
从饲养水族箱中选取1尾目标鱼，轻轻放入全新的实验水箱（规格为40×30×40 cm）。实验水箱内配备了尺寸为5×10 cm的管道作为遮蔽物，底部铺设砂砾，还设置了一个由人工远程控制移动的拴系式鲈鱼模型（图2）。为进一步模拟环境中捕食者的存在，我们向测试水族箱中添加了5 ml的鲈鱼气味。实验水箱被置于带照明的木箱内以避免外界干扰。实验总时长为10分钟，实验对象的行为通过头顶摄像机（Raspberry Pi NoIR Camera Board V2 – 8MP，树莓派基金会出品）记录。

# 亲本捕食暴露会影响三刺鱼的后代大胆性与偏侧性
[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ncjsxkt5x](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ncjsxkt5x)

## 数据与文件结构说明
我们使用SPSS 26.0进行非参数检验。首先通过Shapiro–Wilk检验对人格与偏侧性数据进行正态性检验，由于数据不符合正态分布，我们采用非参数程序开展数据分析。我们使用曼-惠特尼U检验（Mann-Whitney U test, MWU），以检验亲本代与后代代各处理组间人格性状（害羞性——在安全区停留的时间）的差异，以及后代个体体长的差异。

### 亲本组大胆性测试
用于此类分析的Excel文件名为"parentaleffects"，其特定工作表标题为"adults"。图例说明如下：
#### 文件与变量
文件：lateralitypersonality.csv
描述：
变量
ID：鱼类编号
Group：对照组或处理组
Tank：原饲养水箱编号……