Artefacts urbanistiques en périphérie de rio de janeiro: la technologie du lotissement***

Abstract The spatial ordering of Rio de Janeiro’s poor suburbs, through subdivision (loteamento), did not raise such interest among anthropologists. Based on documents, mostly urban plans, and legislation, we intend to make a “genealogy” (Foucault) of the subdivision, giving attention to technical and political rationalities. We argue that the subdivision owes much to the “graphic reason” (Goody), to the kind of operations that the use of “graphic artifacts” allows. Moreover, this technology responds to specific problems: during colonial times, government regulated street opening in order to defend public spaces. At the end of the eighteenth century, the problem was how to reform the road network. Current subdivision regulations come from the early twentieth century, when new issues about collective needs aroused. Far from being an illegal city, poor suburbs appear as a laboratory for urban planning.

摘要 里约热内卢贫困郊区通过地块划分（loteamento）形成的空间秩序，长期未获得人类学界的充分关注。本研究依托大量以城市规划文件为主的文献及立法资料，旨在梳理该地块划分模式的“谱系”（福柯，Foucault），重点探析其背后的技术理性与政治逻辑。我们认为，地块划分模式深受“图形理性（graphic reason）”（古迪，Goody）的影响，且高度依赖“图形化人工制品（graphic artifacts）”所支撑的各类运作机制。此外，该项技术体系旨在回应特定历史阶段的现实议题：殖民时期，政府通过规范街道开设以维护公共空间权益；十八世纪末，改革城市道路网络成为核心治理目标；现行的地块划分法规诞生于二十世纪初，彼时集体公共需求相关的全新议题逐渐兴起。研究表明，贫困郊区绝非所谓“非法城市”，反而可视为城市规划实践的重要试验场。