Faster‐haplodiploid evolution under divergence‐with‐gene‐flow: Simulations and empirical data from pine‐feeding hymenopterans

Although haplodiploidy is widespread in nature, the evolutionary consequences of this mode of reproduction are not well characterized. Here, we examine how genome-wide hemizygosity and a lack of recombination in haploid males affects genomic differentiation in populations that diverge via natural selection while experiencing gene flow. First, we simulated diploid and haplodiploid “genomes” (500-kb loci) evolving under an isolation-with-migration model with mutation, drift, selection, migration, and recombination; and examined differentiation at neutral sites both tightly and loosely linked to a divergently selected site. So long as there is divergent selection and migration, sex-limited hemizygosity and recombination cause elevated differentiation (i.e., produce a “faster-haplodiploid effect”) in haplodiploid populations relative to otherwise equivalent diploid populations, for both recessive and codominant mutations. Second, we used genome-wide SNP data to model divergence history and ...

尽管单倍二倍性（haplodiploidy）在自然界中广泛存在，但该生殖模式的进化后果尚未得到充分表征。本研究探讨了在经历基因流且通过自然选择发生分化的种群中，全基因组半合子性与单倍体雄性缺乏重组如何影响基因组分化。首先，我们在包含突变、遗传漂变、选择、迁移与重组的迁移-隔离模型下，模拟二倍体与单倍二倍体“基因组”（500 kb基因座）的演化过程，并分析了与歧化选择位点紧密连锁及松散连锁的中性位点的分化水平。研究表明，只要存在歧化选择与基因流，相较于其他条件一致的二倍体种群，单倍二倍体种群中受限于性别的半合子性与重组缺失会导致分化水平升高（即产生“更快单倍二倍体效应”），该结论适用于隐性与共显性突变。其次，我们利用全基因组单核苷酸多态性（SNP）数据对分化历史进行建模，并……