Neuromuscular and motor patterns in breaststroke technique

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the inter-temporal neuromuscular and motor patterns in breaststroke technique. Five national level male swimmers performed 200 m breaststroke at maximal effort. Electromyography data onbiceps brachii, deltoid anterior, pectoralis major and triceps brachiiwere analysed. The relative duration of active and non-active phase and the average rectified value for the neuromuscular patterns were recorded. The swim bouts were videotaped in sagittal plane with a pair of cameras and the Theme software 5.0 was used toanalyse the detected patterns in each swimmer. The neuromuscular pattern revealed that by the average rectified value the biceps brachiiand triceps brachiiwere increased at the end of the test for swimmers 1 and 5, while biceps brachii. deltoid anteriorand pectoralis majorwere increased for swimmers 2 and 4. Different motor patterns between cycles, and between swimmers were observed.We found similarities between the swimmers, adjusting their style to the technical model. The absence of a neuromuscular pattern for all swimmers could be related to different technical models used by each swimmer, as presented in the motor patterns. These findings suggested that each swimmers adapted their own motor and neuromuscular pattern in a unique and distinct way.

摘要 本研究旨在分析蛙泳技术中跨时段的神经肌肉与运动模式。招募5名国家级男子游泳运动员完成200米全力蛙泳测试，对肱二头肌（biceps brachii）、三角肌前束（deltoid anterior）、胸大肌（pectoralis major）及肱三头肌（triceps brachii）的肌电图（Electromyography）数据展开分析。记录神经肌肉模式的主动阶段与静息阶段相对时长，以及平均整流值。采用两台摄像机在矢状面（sagittal plane）下对游泳过程进行录像，并使用Theme软件5.0对每名运动员的检测到的运动模式进行分析。

神经肌肉模式分析结果显示，以平均整流值为评价指标，运动员1与5的肱二头肌、肱三头肌活性在测试末期显著升高；而运动员2与4的肱二头肌、三角肌前束及胸大肌活性则呈现上升趋势。研究观察到不同游泳动作周期之间以及不同运动员之间均存在差异化的运动模式。尽管运动员们均会调整自身技术以适配通用技术模型，但个体间仍存在共性特征。全体运动员未呈现统一的神经肌肉模式，这可能与每名运动员所采用的不同技术模型有关，正如运动模式所呈现的那样。本研究结果表明，每名运动员均以独特且差异化的方式适配自身的运动与神经肌肉模式。