Morphometry of red blood cells in sow blood: effects of short-term <i>in Vitro</i> exposure to 5G network frequencies

The effects of 5G radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on complete blood count (CBC) and RBC morphometric parameters in pigs are unknown. Aim of this study was to determine effect of 5G RF-EMR at different frequencies on CBC and RBC morphometry after short-term in vitro exposure of sow blood. Blood samples were taken from 16 sows aged 1 to 2 years. Three ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes per sow were labelled as experimental tubes and three as control tubes. Experimental samples were placed in a Half-cone gigahertz transversal electromagnetic cell and exposed to 5G RF-EMR at 700 MHz, 2500 MHz and 3500 MHz with electric field strength of 10 V/m for 2 hours. CBC was determined using a haematology analyser. RBC morphometric parameters were determined using the computer-assisted program SFORM. The most detrimental effect on sow RBC morphometry was observed after exposure at 700 MHz, resulting in significantly more elongated and irregularly bordered RBCs. These results suggest that in vitro exposure to 5G RF-EMR may impact RBC shape and mechanical properties or integrity, which could affect cell function. This study provides first evidence of frequency-dependent effects of 5G RF-EMR on RBC morphometry and CBC parameters in pigs, offering novel insights for veterinary and translational research. Short-term in vitro exposure to 5G RF-EMR affected RBC morphometry in sow blood. 700 MHz exposure led to significant RBC elongation and irregular cell borders. 3500 MHz exposure resulted in reduced RBC size and decreased membrane roughness. Short-term in vitro exposure to 5G RF-EMR affected RBC morphometry in sow blood. 700 MHz exposure led to significant RBC elongation and irregular cell borders. 3500 MHz exposure resulted in reduced RBC size and decreased membrane roughness.5G射频电磁辐射（radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, RF-EMR）对猪全血细胞计数（complete blood count, CBC）及红细胞形态计量参数的影响目前尚不明确。本研究旨在探究不同频率的5G射频电磁辐射对母猪血液短期体外暴露后的全血细胞计数及红细胞形态计量学的影响。 本研究采集了16头1至2岁龄母猪的血液样本。每头母猪采集3支乙二胺四乙酸（ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA）抗凝管作为实验组样本，另3支作为对照组样本。实验组样本置于半锥千兆赫横向电磁舱内，分别以10 V/m的电场强度暴露于700 MHz、2500 MHz及3500 MHz的5G射频电磁辐射中，暴露时长为2小时。采用血液分析仪测定全血细胞计数，借助计算机辅助程序SFORM测定红细胞形态计量参数。 700 MHz暴露组对母猪红细胞形态计量学的不利影响最为显著，可使红细胞出现明显伸长及边界不规则。上述结果提示，体外暴露于5G射频电磁辐射可能会影响红细胞的形态、力学特性或完整性，进而影响细胞功能。本研究首次证实了5G射频电磁辐射对猪红细胞形态计量学及全血细胞计数参数存在频率依赖性影响，为兽医学及转化医学研究提供了全新视角。 短期体外暴露于5G射频电磁辐射可影响母猪血液中的红细胞形态计量学特征。 700 MHz暴露可引发红细胞显著伸长及细胞边界不规则。 3500 MHz暴露则会导致红细胞尺寸减小及膜粗糙度降低。 短期体外暴露于5G射频电磁辐射可影响母猪血液中的红细胞形态计量学特征。 700 MHz暴露可引发红细胞显著伸长及细胞边界不规则。 3500 MHz暴露则会导致红细胞尺寸减小及膜粗糙度降低。