DataSheet1_Transaction strategy of virtual power plants and multi-energy systems with multi-agent Stackelberg game based on integrated energy-carbon pricing.docx

A virtual power plant (VPP) has the ability to aggregate numerous decentralized distributed energy resources using advanced control technology, offering a promising approach for low-carbon development. In order to enhance the VPP’s contribution to reducing carbon emissions, a bi-level framework is proposed that incorporates an integrated energy-carbon price response mechanism. This model allows VPPs to participate in a multi-energy system through a multi-agent Stackelberg game framework. Initially, a transaction model is established where the power distribution system operator and the gas distribution system operator act as leaders, while the virtual power plant operator acts as a follower in the multi-energy system. Subsequently, an integrated energy-carbon pricing method, rooted in carbon emission flow theory, is introduced to encourage VPPs to proactively adjust their energy-use and trading strategies within multi-energy systems, thereby promoting multi-principal interactive trading. To achieve a distributed solution among multiple entities while maintaining the privacy of each entity’s information, the adaptive step-size alternating direction multiplier method is employed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model and method are then demonstrated through case studies.

虚拟电厂（virtual power plant, VPP）可借助先进控制技术聚合海量分散式分布式能源资源，为低碳发展提供了极具前景的路径。为提升虚拟电厂在碳排放削减方面的贡献，本文提出一种融入综合能源-碳价格响应机制的双层框架。该模型允许虚拟电厂通过多智能体斯塔克尔伯格博弈框架参与多能源系统运行。首先构建交易模型：在该多能源系统中，配电系统运营商与配气系统运营商作为领导者，虚拟电厂运营商则作为跟随者。随后，本文引入基于碳排放流理论的综合能源-碳定价方法，以激励虚拟电厂主动调整多能源系统内的能源使用与交易策略，进而推动多主体交互交易的开展。为实现多主体间的分布式求解并保障各主体信息隐私，本文采用自适应步长交替方向乘子法。最后通过案例研究验证了所提模型与方法的可行性与有效性。