State-specific selection coefficient estimates along with their standard-error (SE) and associated P-value (P) of the HMM-SSF used to predict animal movements according to encamped or travelling mode, in three ecological systems.

A. Habitat selection during the different phases of the migratory behavior, B. and C. Habitat selection during the different phases of the foraging behavior. Estimates of model parameters from a 2-step approach are also shown for the bison dataset (B). Analysis were performed using 13,444, 94,686 (50592 for the 2-step approach) and 72,730 geolocations from 15 mule deer, 42 plains bison and 18 zebras over 2 (2011–2012), 11 (2005–2016) and 3 (2012–2014) years of monitoring, respectively. The predictive capabilities of the HMM-SSF and the 2-step approach (B) were assessed using k-fold validation repeated 100 times, means and ranges of Spearman rank correlation () are reported for each behavioral mode of movement and both observed and random steps. Average travelled distances were calculated using step length and log-transformed step length coefficient estimates (see S1 Appendix).