Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database 2021 - Panama

Abstract
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The fourth edition of the Global Findex offers a lens into how people accessed and used financial services during the COVID-19 pandemic, when mobility restrictions and health policies drove increased demand for digital services of all kinds.

The Global Findex is the world's most comprehensive database on financial inclusion. It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of about 128,000 adults in more than 120 economies. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments.

The Global Findex is an indispensable resource for financial service practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and development professionals.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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Individual

Kind of data
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Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure
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In most developing economies, Global Findex data have traditionally been collected through face-to-face interviews. Surveys are conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where in-person surveying is the customary methodology. However, because of ongoing COVID-19 related mobility restrictions, face-to-face interviewing was not possible in some of these economies in 2021. Phone-based surveys were therefore conducted in 67 economies that had been surveyed face-to-face in 2017. These 67 economies were selected for inclusion based on population size, phone penetration rate, COVID-19 infection rates, and the feasibility of executing phone-based methods where Gallup would otherwise conduct face-to-face data collection, while complying with all government-issued guidance throughout the interviewing process. Gallup takes both mobile phone and landline ownership into consideration. According to Gallup World Poll 2019 data, when face-to-face surveys were last carried out in these economies, at least 80 percent of adults in almost all of them reported mobile phone ownership. All samples are probability-based and nationally representative of the resident adult population. Phone surveys were not a viable option in 17 economies that had been part of previous Global Findex surveys, however, because of low mobile phone ownership and surveying restrictions. Data for these economies will be collected in 2022 and released in 2023.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed, and the hand-held survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In traditionally phone-based economies, respondent selection follows the same procedure as in previous years, using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In most economies where mobile phone and landline penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used.

The same respondent selection procedure is applied to the new phone-based economies. Dual frame (landline and mobile phone) random digital dialing is used where landline presence and use are 20 percent or higher based on historical Gallup estimates. Mobile phone random digital dialing is used in economies with limited to no landline presence (less than 20 percent).

For landline respondents in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is 80 percent or higher, random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. For mobile phone respondents in these economies or in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is less than 80 percent, no further selection is performed. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

Sample size for Panama is 1002.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Questionnaires are available on the website.

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar. 2022. The Global Findex Database 2021: Financial Inclusion, Digital Payments, and Resilience in the Age of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank.

摘要
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第四版全球金融包容指数（Global Findex）透过对COVID-19疫情期间人们获取和使用金融服务方式的探讨，揭示了在流动性限制和健康政策推动下，各类数字服务需求的增长。
全球金融包容指数是世界范围内最全面的金融包容数据库。它也是唯一允许进行全球及区域跨国分析的全球需求侧数据来源，能够提供严谨的多维度视角，全面展现成年人储蓄、借款、支付和金融风险管理的状况。2021年全球金融包容指数数据来源于超过120个经济体的约12.8万名成人的国家代表性调查。本版次继2011年、2014年和2017年版之后，新增了一系列衡量金融健康和弹性的指标，并包含了关于数字支付采用情况的更详细数据，包括商家和政府支付。
全球金融包容指数是金融服务从业者、政策制定者、研究人员和发展专业人士不可或缺的资源。
地理覆盖范围
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国家覆盖范围
分析单位
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个人
数据类型
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观察数据/评分 [obs]
抽样程序
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在大多数发展中国家，全球金融包容指数数据传统上通过面对面访谈收集。在电话覆盖率低于人口80%或面对面调查为常规方法的经济体中，调查以面对面方式进行。然而，由于持续的COVID-19相关流动性限制，2021年部分这些经济体无法进行面对面访谈。因此，在2017年曾进行面对面调查的67个经济体中，进行了基于电话的调查。这67个经济体根据人口规模、电话普及率、COVID-19感染率和在Gallup可能进行面对面数据收集的情况下执行电话方法的可能性被选中。Gallup在访谈过程中考虑了移动电话和固定电话的拥有情况。根据2019年Gallup世界民意调查数据，在这些经济体中最后一次进行面对面调查时，几乎所有经济体中的至少80%的成年人报告拥有移动电话。所有样本都是概率性样本，并在全国范围内代表居民成年人口。在17个经济体中，由于移动电话拥有率和调查限制，电话调查不是一个可行的选择。这些经济体将在2022年收集数据，并在2023年发布。
在面对面调查进行的经济体中，抽样第一阶段是识别主要抽样单位。这些单位根据人口规模、地理区域或两者进行分层，并通过一个或多个抽样阶段实现聚类。当可获得人口信息时，样本选择基于与人口规模成比例的概率；否则，使用简单随机抽样。使用随机路线程序选择抽样家庭。除非遇到明确的拒绝，否则调查员会对抽样家庭进行最多三次调查尝试。为了增加联系和完成的概率，会在不同的时间段和可能的不同的日子进行尝试。如果无法在初始抽样家庭中获得访谈，则使用简单替换方法。在选定的家庭中随机选择受访者。列出所有合格的家庭成员，手持调查设备随机选择要访谈的家庭成员。对于纸质调查，使用Kish网格方法选择受访者。在文化限制规定性别匹配的经济体中，从所有合格成年人中随机选择受访者。
在传统上基于电话的经济体中，受访者选择遵循与往年相同的程序，使用随机数字拨号或国家代表性电话号码列表。在移动电话和固定电话普及率较高的经济体中，使用双重抽样框架。
对新电话经济体的受访者选择也应用相同的程序。在历史Gallup估计中，固定电话存在和使用率至少为20%的经济体中，使用双重框架（固定电话和移动电话）随机数字拨号。在固定电话存在和使用率有限或没有的经济体中，使用移动电话随机数字拨号。
在移动电话或固定电话普及率80%或更高的经济体中，固定电话受访者通过使用最新生日或家庭编号方法进行随机选择。在这些经济体或移动电话或固定电话普及率低于80%的经济体中，移动电话受访者或在这些经济体中，无需进行进一步选择。在每户家庭中至少尝试联系三次人员，分布在不同的一天和时间段。
巴拿马的样本量为1002。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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问卷可在网站上获取。
抽样误差估计
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标准误差（考虑抽样误差）的估计因国家和指标而异。有关特定国家的误差范围，请参阅方法论部分和Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Klapper, Leora, Singer, Dorothe, Ansar, Saniya. 2022. 《全球金融包容指数数据库2021：COVID-19时代的金融包容、数字支付和韧性》。华盛顿特区：世界银行。