Boomer shotpoint navigation from USGS cruise 2001-013-FA from Albemarle Sound, North Carolina (bbb2001013_shots.shp)

The northeastern North Carolina coastal system, from False Cape, Virginia, to Cape Lookout, North Carolina, has been studied by a cooperative research program that mapped the Quaternary geologic framework of the estuaries, barrier islands, and inner continental shelf. This information provides a basis to understand the linkage between geologic framework, physical processes, and coastal evolution at time scales from storm events to millennia. The study area attracts significant tourism to its parks and beaches, contains a number of coastal communities, and supports a local fishing industry, all of which are impacted by coastal change. Knowledge derived from this research program can be used to mitigate hazards and facilitate effective management of this dynamic coastal system.
This regional mapping project produced spatial datasets of high-resolution geophysical (bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and seismic reflection) and sedimentary (core and grab-sample) data. The high-resolution geophysical data were collected during numerous surveys within the back-barrier estuarine system, along the barrier island complex, in the nearshore, and along the inner continental shelf. Sediment cores were taken on the mainland and along the barrier islands, and both cores and grab samples were taken on the inner shelf. Data collection was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and several other institutions including East Carolina University (ECU), the North Carolina Geological Survey, and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS).
The high-resolution geophysical data of the inner continental shelf were collected during six separate surveys conducted between 1999 and 2004 (four USGS surveys north of Cape Hatteras: 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA, 2002-013-FA, and two USGS surveys south of Cape Hatteras: 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) and cover more than 2600 square kilometers of the inner shelf. Single-beam bathymetry data were collected north of Cape Hatteras in 1999 using a Furuno fathometer. Swath bathymetry data were collected on all other inner shelf surveys using a SEA, Ltd. SwathPLUS 234-kHz bathymetric sonar. Chirp seismic data as well as sidescan-sonar data were collected with a Teledyne Benthos (Datasonics) SIS-1000 north of Cape Hatteras along with boomer seismic reflection data (cruises 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA and 2002-013-FA). An Edgetech 512i was used to collect chirp seismic data south of Cape Hatteras (cruises 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) along with a Klein 3000 sidescan-sonar system. Sediment samples were collected with a Van Veen grab sampler during four of the USGS surveys (1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-013-FA, and 2004-003-FA). Additional sediment core data along the inner shelf are provided from previously published studies.
A cooperative study, between the North Carolina Geological Survey and the Minerals Management Service (MMS cores), collected vibracores along the inner continental shelf offshore of Nags Head, Kill Devils Hills and Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1996. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collected vibracores along the inner shelf offshore of Dare County in August 1995 (NDC cores) and July-August 1995 (SNL cores). These cores are curated by the North Carolina Geological Survey and were used as part of the ground validation process in this study.
Nearshore geophysical and core data were collected by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. The nearshore is defined here as the region between the 10-m isobath and the shoreline. High-resolution bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and chirp seismic data were collected between June 2002 and May 2004. Vibracore samples were collected in May and July 2005.
Shallow subsurface geophysical data were acquired along the Outer Banks barrier islands using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Data were collected by East Carolina University from 2002 to 2005. Rotasonic cores (OBX cores) from five drilling operations were collected from 2002 to 2006 by the North Carolina Geological Survey as part of the cooperative study with the USGS. These cores are distributed throughout the Outer Banks as well as the mainland.
The USGS collected seismic data for the Quaternary section within the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system between 2001 and 2004 during six surveys (2001-013-FA, 2002-015-FA, 2003-005-FA, 2003-042-FA, 2004-005-FA, and 2004-006-FA). These surveys used Geopulse Boomer and Knudsen Engineering Limited (KEL) 320BR Chirp systems, except cruise 2003-042-FA, which used an Edgetech 424 Chirp and a boomer system. The study area includes Albemarle Sound and selected tributary estuaries such as the South, Pungo, Alligator, and Pasquotank Rivers; Pamlico Sound and trunk estuaries including the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers; and back-barrier sounds including Currituck, Croatan, Roanoke, Core, and Bogue.

美国北卡罗来纳州东北部沿岸系统（范围从弗吉尼亚州的假角（False Cape）至北卡罗来纳州的瞭望角（Cape Lookout））已通过一项合作研究计划开展系统性研究，该计划完成了河口、障壁岛与内陆架的第四纪地质格架填图工作。该研究成果为理解不同时间尺度（从风暴事件到千年尺度）下地质格架、物理过程与海岸演化之间的关联提供了基础。本研究区域的公园与海滩拥有大量游客，分布着多个沿海社区，并支撑着当地渔业，而上述所有活动均受海岸变化的影响。本研究项目所获得的认知可用于减缓海岸灾害风险，并助力该动态海岸系统的高效管理。
本区域填图项目生成了高分辨率地球物理（水深测量（bathymetry）、后向散射强度（backscatter intensity）与地震反射（seismic reflection））与沉积（岩芯（core）与抓取样（grab-sample））空间数据集。高分辨率地球物理数据通过多次科考航次，在障壁后河口系统、障壁岛群、近岸区域以及内陆架区域采集完成。沉积岩芯采集于大陆沿岸与障壁岛区域，内陆架区域则同步采集了岩芯与抓取样。数据采集工作由美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey，简称USGS）与东卡罗来纳大学（East Carolina University，简称ECU）、北卡罗来纳州地质调查局、弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所（Virginia Institute of Marine Science，简称VIMS）等多家机构合作完成。
内陆架的高分辨率地球物理数据采集工作于1999年至2004年间通过6次独立科考航次完成（其中哈特拉斯角以北的USGS航次共4次：1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-012-FA、2002-013-FA；哈特拉斯角以南的USGS航次共2次：2003-003-FA与2004-003-FA），覆盖内陆架面积超过2600平方千米。1999年，科研人员使用古野（Furuno）测深仪在哈特拉斯角以北区域采集了单波束水深测量数据。其余所有内陆架航次均采用SEA有限公司的SwathPLUS 234kHz多波束测深声呐采集多波束水深数据。在哈特拉斯角以北的航次（1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-012-FA与2002-013-FA）中，科研人员使用Teledyne Benthos（Datasonics）SIS-1000系统采集啁啾地震数据与侧扫声呐数据，并同步采集电火花地震反射数据。在哈特拉斯角以南的航次（2003-003-FA与2004-003-FA）中，科研人员采用Edgetech 512i系统采集啁啾地震数据，并搭配Klein 3000侧扫声呐系统开展作业。在4次USGS航次（1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-013-FA与2004-003-FA）中，科研人员使用范维恩采泥器（Van Veen grab sampler）采集沉积样。内陆架区域的补充岩芯数据来自已发表的相关研究。
1996年，北卡罗来纳州地质调查局与矿产管理局（Minerals Management Service，相关岩芯简称MMS岩芯）合作开展研究，在北卡罗来纳州纳格斯黑德、基尔迪维尔丘陵与基蒂霍克近海的内陆架区域采集振动岩芯。美国陆军工程兵团分别于1995年8月（NDC岩芯）与1995年7-8月（SNL岩芯），在戴尔县近海的内陆架区域采集振动岩芯。上述岩芯由北卡罗来纳州地质调查局保存，并被用于本研究的地面验证工作。
弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所采集了近岸区域的地球物理与岩芯数据。本研究中近岸区域被定义为10米等深线（10-m isobath）与海岸线之间的海域。2002年6月至2004年5月期间，科研人员采集了高分辨率水深测量、后向散射强度与啁啾地震数据。2005年5月与7月，科研人员采集了振动岩芯样本。
科研人员采用探地雷达（ground-penetrating radar，简称GPR）系统在外岸障壁岛区域采集了浅地下地球物理数据。该数据由东卡罗来纳大学于2002年至2005年间采集。作为与USGS合作研究的一部分，北卡罗来纳州地质调查局于2002年至2006年间通过5次钻探作业采集了旋转声波岩芯（简称OBX岩芯）。这些岩芯分布于外岸区域与大陆沿岸区域。
2001年至2004年间，USGS通过6次航次（2001-013-FA、2002-015-FA、2003-005-FA、2003-042-FA、2004-005-FA与2004-006-FA）在阿尔伯马尔-帕姆利科河口系统内采集了第四纪地层的地震数据。除2003-042-FA航次采用Edgetech 424啁啾系统与电火花系统外，其余航次均采用Geopulse电火花系统与Knudsen Engineering有限公司（简称KEL）320BR啁啾系统。本研究区域包括阿尔伯马尔湾及其支流河口（如南河、庞戈河、短吻鳄河与帕斯夸坦克河）、帕姆利科湾及其主干河口（如纽斯河与帕姆利科河），以及障壁后海湾（如库里蒂克湾、克罗阿坦湾、罗阿诺克湾、科尔湾与博格湾）。