Table_2_Identification of Salivary Microbiota and Its Association With Host Inflammatory Mediators in Periodontitis.XLSX

Periodontitis is a microbial-induced chronic inflammatory disease, which may not only result in tooth loss, but can also contribute to the development of various systemic diseases. The transition from healthy to diseased periodontium depends on microbial dysbiosis and impaired host immune response. Although periodontitis is a common disease as well as associated with various systemic inflammatory conditions, the taxonomic profiling of the salivary microbiota in periodontitis and its association with host immune and inflammatory mediators has not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify key pathogens and their potential interaction with the host's inflammatory mediators in saliva samples for periodontitis risk assessment. The microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the levels of inflammatory mediators were performed in saliva samples from patients with chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy control subjects. The salivary microbial community composition differed significantly between patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. Our analyses identified a number of microbes, including bacteria assigned to Eubacterium saphenum, Tannerella forsythia, Filifactor alocis, Streptococcus mitis/parasanguinis, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella sp., Phocaeicola sp., and Fretibacterium sp. as more abundant in periodontitis, compared to healthy controls. In samples from healthy individuals, we identified Campylobacter concisus, and Veillonella sp. as more abundant. Integrative analysis of the microbiota and inflammatory mediators/cytokines revealed associations that included positive correlations between the pathogens Treponema sp. and Selenomas sp. and the cytokines chitinase 3-like 1, sIL-6Rα, sTNF-R1, and gp130/sIL-6Rβ. In addition, a negative correlation was identified between IL-10 and Filifactor alocis. Our results reveal distinct and disease-specific patterns of salivary microbial composition between patients with periodontitis and healthy controls, as well as significant correlations between microbiota and host-mediated inflammatory cytokines. The positive correlations between the pathogens Treponema sp. and Selenomas sp. and the cytokines chitinase 3-like 1, sIL-6Rα, sTNF-R1, and gp130/sIL-6Rβ might have the future potential to serve as a combined bacteria-host salivary biomarker panel for diagnosis of the chronic infectious disease periodontitis. However, further studies are required to determine the capacity of these microbes and inflammatory mediators as a salivary biomarker panel for periodontitis.

牙周炎（Periodontitis）是一种由微生物诱导的慢性炎症性疾病，不仅可引发牙齿脱落，还可能参与多种全身性疾病的发生发展。健康牙周组织向病变牙周组织的转化，取决于微生物失调（microbial dysbiosis）与宿主免疫应答受损。尽管牙周炎是一种常见疾病，且与多种全身性炎症状态密切相关，但目前尚未有针对牙周炎患者唾液菌群的分类学特征及其与宿主免疫、炎症介质关联的研究报道。因此本研究旨在鉴定慢性牙周炎唾液样本中的关键病原体及其与宿主炎症介质的潜在相互作用，以用于牙周炎的风险评估。本研究对慢性牙周炎患者及牙周健康对照者的唾液样本开展了微生物16S rRNA基因测序，并检测了样本中的炎症介质水平。结果显示，慢性牙周炎患者与健康对照者的唾液微生物群落组成存在显著差异。本研究分析共鉴定出多种在牙周炎患者中丰度更高的微生物，包括归属于匿瘤真杆菌（Eubacterium saphenum）、福赛斯坦纳菌（Tannerella forsythia）、难解披膜杆菌（Filifactor alocis）、缓症链球菌/副血链球菌（Streptococcus mitis/parasanguinis）、微小微单胞菌（Parvimonas micra）、普雷沃菌属（Prevotella sp.）、法氏杆菌属（Phocaeicola sp.）以及细长杆菌属（Fretibacterium sp.）的菌种；而在健康个体的唾液样本中，简明弯曲菌（Campylobacter concisus）和韦荣球菌属（Veillonella sp.）的丰度更高。对菌群与炎症介质/细胞因子（cytokines）的整合分析显示，存在多项关联：其中密螺旋体属（Treponema sp.）与月形单胞菌属（Selenomas sp.）分别与几丁质酶3样蛋白1（chitinase 3-like 1）、可溶性白细胞介素6受体α（sIL-6Rα）、可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体1（sTNF-R1）以及gp130/可溶性白细胞介素6受体β（gp130/sIL-6Rβ）呈正相关。此外，IL-10与难解披膜杆菌（Filifactor alocis）呈负相关。本研究结果揭示了牙周炎患者与健康对照者唾液微生物群落组成存在显著且具有疾病特异性的差异，同时明确了菌群与宿主介导的炎症细胞因子间存在显著关联。密螺旋体属（Treponema sp.）与月形单胞菌属（Selenomas sp.）和几丁质酶3样蛋白1、sIL-6Rα、sTNF-R1及gp130/sIL-6Rβ之间的正相关关系，未来有望作为联合的细菌-宿主唾液生物标志物（biomarker）组合，用于慢性感染性疾病牙周炎的诊断。不过仍需开展进一步研究，以明确这些微生物和炎症介质作为牙周炎唾液生物标志物组合的应用潜力。