Annual Ice Velocity of the Greenland Ice Sheet (1991-2000)
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We derive surface ice velocity using data from 16 satellite sensors deployed by 6 different space agencies. The list of sensors is given in the Table S1. The SAR data are processed from raw to single look complex using the GAMMA processor (www.gamma-rs.ch). All measurements rely on consecutive images where the ice displacement is estimated from tracking or interferometry (Joughin et al. 1998, Michel and Rignot 1999, Mouginot et al. 2012). Surface ice motion is detected using a speckle tracking algorithm for SAR instruments and feature tracking for Landsat. The cross-correlation program for both SAR and optical images is ampcor from the JPL/Caltech repeat orbit interferometry package (ROI_PAC). We assemble a composite ice velocity mosaic at 150 m posting using our entire speed database as described in Mouginot et al. 2017 (Fig. 1A). The ice velocity maps are also mosaicked in annual maps at 150 m posting, covering July, 1st to June, 30th of the following year, i.e. centered on January, 1st (12) because a majority of historic data were acquired in winter season, hence spanning two calendar years. We use Landsat-1&2/MSS images between 1972 and 1976 and combine image pairs up to 1 years apart to measure the displacement of surface features between images as described in Dehecq et al., 2015 or Mouginot et al. 2017. We use the 1978 2-m orthorectified aerial images to correct the geolocation of Landsat-1 and -2 images (Korsgaard et al., 2016). Between 1984 and 1991, we process Landsat-4&5/TM image pairs acquired up to 1-year apart. Only few Landsat-4 and -5 images (~3%) needed geocoding refinement using the same 1978 reference as used previously. Between 1991 and 1998, we process radar images from the European ERS-1/2, with a repeat cycle varying from 3 to 36 days depending on the mission phase. Between 1999 and 2013, we used Landsat-7, ASTER, RADARSAT-1/2, ALOS/PALSAR, ENVISAT/ASAR to determine surface velocity (Joughin et al., 2010; Howat, I. 2017; Rignot and Mouginot, 2012). After 2013, we use Landsat-8, Sentinel-1a/b and RADARSAT-2 (Mouginot et al., 2017). All synthetic aperture radar (SAR) datasets are processed assuming surface parallel flow using the digital elevation model (DEM) from the Greenland Mapping Project (GIMP; Howat et al., 2014) and calibrated as described in Mouginot et al., 2012, 2017. Data were provided by the European Space Agency (ESA), the EU Copernicus program (through ESA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). SAR data acquisitions were coordinated by the Polar Space Task Group (PSTG). Errors are estimated based on sensor resolution and time lapse between consecutive images as described in Mouginot et al. 2017. References Dehecq, A, Gourmelen, N, Trouve, E (2015). Deriving large-scale glacier velocities from a complete satellite archive: Application to the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya. Remote Sensing of Environment, 162, 55-66. Howat IM, Negrete A, Smith BE (2014) The greenland ice mapping project (gimp) land classification and surface elevation data sets. The Cryosphere 8(4):1509-1518. Howat, I (2017). MEaSUREs Greenland Ice Velocity: Selected Glacier Site Velocity Maps from Optical Images, Version 2. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. Joughin, I., B. Smith, I. Howat, T. Scambos, and T. Moon. (2010). Greenland Flow Variability from Ice-Sheet-Wide Velocity Mapping, J. of Glac.. 56. 415-430. Joughin IR, Kwok R, Fahnestock MA (1998) Interferometric estimation of three dimensional ice-flow using ascending and descending passes. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 36(1):25-37. Joughin, I, Smith S, Howat I, and Scambos T (2015). MEaSUREs Greenland Ice Sheet Velocity Map from InSAR Data, Version 2. [Indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. Michel R, Rignot E (1999) Flow of Glaciar Moreno, Argentina, from repeat-pass Shuttle Imaging Radar images: comparison of the phase correlation method with radar interferometry. J. Glaciol. 45(149):93-100. Mouginot J, Scheuchl B, Rignot E (2012) Mapping of ice motion in Antarctica using synthetic-aperture radar data. Remote Sens. 4(12):2753-2767. Mouginot J, Rignot E, Scheuchl B, Millan R (2017) Comprehensive annual ice sheet velocity mapping using landsat-8, sentinel-1, and radarsat-2 data. Remote Sensing 9(4). Rignot E, Mouginot J (2012) Ice flow in Greenland for the International Polar Year 2008- 2009. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L11501:1-7.
本研究依托6家不同航天机构部署的16颗卫星传感器数据反演地表冰流速,传感器完整列表详见补充表S1(Table S1)。合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)数据采用GAMMA处理器(www.gamma-rs.ch)从原始数据处理为单视复数(single look complex, SLC)数据。所有流速测量均基于连续影像对,通过特征配准或干涉测量法估算冰体位移,相关方法可参考Joughin等人1998年、Michel与Rignot 1999年以及Mouginot等人2012年的研究成果。
地表冰体运动的检测方法为:SAR传感器采用斑点跟踪(speckle tracking)算法,陆地卫星(Landsat)影像则采用特征跟踪(feature tracking)算法。两类影像的互相关处理均采用喷气推进实验室/加州理工学院(Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, JPL/Caltech)重复轨道干涉测量包(repeat orbit interferometry package, ROI_PAC)中的ampcor程序。
本研究基于全部速度数据库,以150米格网间距合成了冰流速镶嵌图,具体方法详见Mouginot等人2017年的研究,对应图1A。冰流速数据还被拼接为年度镶嵌图,格网间距同样为150米,时间覆盖范围为当年7月1日至次年6月30日,即时间中心为1月1日(跨度12个月);由于多数历史数据采集于冬季,因此该年度统计范围跨越两个公历年。
1972年至1976年,本研究使用Landsat-1&2/MSS影像,通过间隔不超过1年的影像对来反演地表特征的位移量,具体方法可参考Dehecq等人2015年或Mouginot等人2017年的研究。我们采用1978年发布的2米分辨率正射校正航空影像,对Landsat-1与-2影像的地理定位进行校正(Korsgaard等人2016年)。
1984年至1991年,本研究处理了间隔不超过1年的Landsat-4&5/TM影像对。其中仅约3%的Landsat-4与-5影像需要采用前述1978年参考数据进行地理编码精校正。
1991年至1998年,本研究处理了欧洲空间局(European Space Agency, ESA)的ERS-1/2雷达影像,其重复观测周期根据任务阶段不同在3至36天范围内变动。
1999年至2013年,本研究采用Landsat-7、ASTER、RADARSAT-1/2、ALOS/PALSAR、ENVISAT/ASAR等传感器数据反演地表流速,相关文献参考Joughin等人2010年、Howat, I. 2017年以及Rignot与Mouginot 2012年的研究。
2013年之后,本研究改用Landsat-8、Sentinel-1a/b及RADARSAT-2数据开展分析,具体方法详见Mouginot等人2017年的研究。
所有SAR数据集均采用格陵兰制图项目(Greenland Mapping Project, GIMP;Howat等人2014年)提供的数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model, DEM),假设冰体地表流动平行于水平面进行处理,并按照Mouginot等人2012年、2017年的方法完成校准。
本研究的数据由以下机构提供:欧洲空间局(ESA)、欧盟哥白尼计划(通过ESA提供)、加拿大航天局(Canadian Space Agency, CSA)、日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA)、意大利空间局(Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI)、德国航空航天中心(Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR)以及美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)。
SAR数据的采集工作由极地空间任务组(Polar Space Task Group, PSTG)协调完成。
误差估算基于传感器分辨率与连续影像间的时间间隔,具体方法详见Mouginot等人2017年的研究。
参考文献
Dehecq, A, Gourmelen, N, Trouve, E (2015). 基于完整卫星档案反演大规模冰川流速:以帕米尔-喀喇昆仑-喜马拉雅地区为例. 《环境遥感》(Remote Sensing of Environment), 162, 55-66.
Howat IM, Negrete A, Smith BE (2014) 格陵兰冰制图项目(GIMP)地表分类与表面高程数据集. 《冰冻圈》(The Cryosphere) 8(4):1509-1518.
Howat, I (2017). MEaSUREs格陵兰冰流速:光学影像选定冰川区域流速图,版本2. 美国科罗拉多州博尔德市:美国国家航空航天局(NASA)国家雪冰数据中心分布式活动档案库.
Joughin, I., B. Smith, I. Howat, T. Scambos, and T. Moon. (2010). 基于冰盖全域流速制图的格陵兰冰流变化. 《冰川学杂志》(Journal of Glaciology) 56, 415-430.
Joughin IR, Kwok R, Fahnestock MA (1998) 利用升轨与降轨影像干涉测量估算三维冰流. 《IEEE地球科学与遥感汇刊》(IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing) 36(1):25-37.
Joughin, I, Smith S, Howat I, and Scambos T (2015). MEaSUREs格陵兰冰盖流速图(InSAR数据,版本2). [注明所用子集]. 美国科罗拉多州博尔德市:美国国家航空航天局(NASA)国家雪冰数据中心分布式活动档案库.
Michel R, Rignot E (1999) 基于重复轨道航天飞机成像雷达影像反演阿根廷莫雷诺冰川流速:相位相关法与雷达干涉测量法的对比. 《冰川学杂志》(Journal of Glaciology) 45(149):93-100.
Mouginot J, Scheuchl B, Rignot E (2012) 利用合成孔径雷达数据绘制南极洲冰体运动图. 《遥感》(Remote Sensing) 4(12):2753-2767.
Mouginot J, Rignot E, Scheuchl B, Millan R (2017) 基于Landsat-8、Sentinel-1及RADARSAT-2数据的全年度冰盖流速综合制图. 《遥感》(Remote Sensing) 9(4).
Rignot E, Mouginot J (2012) 2008-2009国际极地年期间的格陵兰冰流. 《地球物理研究快报》(Geophysical Research Letters) 39, L11501:1-7.
创建时间:
2023-06-28



