Mean difference in the levels of diabetes-related quantitative traits by genetic African ancestry after excluding participants receiving diabetes treatment.

BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); SES, socioeconomic status (including education, income and occupation).aTertiles 1, 2 and 3 of African ancestry are 87.3%, respectively, for hemoglobin A1c, and 87.3%, respectively, for glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR.bEffects explained is defined as (β1−β2)/β1 where β1 is the regression coefficient of traits in Model 1; β2 is the regression coefficient after adjustment for covariates in each model.cModel 1: Mean difference (95% confidence interval) is adjusted for age, sex, and study.dModel 2: Mean difference (95% confidence interval) is adjusted for covariates in Model 1 and BMI.eModel 3: Mean difference (95% confidence interval) is adjusted for covariates in Model 1 and SES.fModel 4: Mean difference (95% confidence interval) is adjusted for covariates in Model 1, BMI, and SES.gP