Centripetal Acceleration Reaction: An Effective and Robust Mechanism for Flapping Flight in Insects - Table 1

Stroke-averaged lift coefficients

CF
¯

for the hawkmoth (Re = 1000) and fruit fly (Re = 100) wings. Values in parentheses denote the percentage of the total attributed to the given component. Overall, the vorticity in the flow contributes 82.5% of the total lift for the hawkmoth and ∼ 114% of the net lift over one stroke of the fly wing. This greater than 100% contribution results from the fruit fly’s operation at a lower Reynolds number, where viscous force induces a sizeable (25% of the net) negative lift over the cycle. The balance of the positive lift for both insects comes from the kinematic component Fκ; 17.3% for the hawkmoth and 9.5% for the fruit fly.

天蛾（雷诺数(Re)=1000）与果蝇（雷诺数(Re)=100）翅膀的冲程平均升力系数CF̄。括号内的数值代表对应组分对总升力的贡献占比。总体而言，流动涡量对天蛾总升力的贡献达82.5%，而对果蝇单冲程净升力的贡献约为114%。这一超过100%的贡献源于果蝇在更低雷诺数下运行：此时粘性力在一个运动周期内会产生可观的（占净升力25%的）负升力。两种昆虫的正升力剩余部分均来自运动学组分Fκ：天蛾占比17.3%，果蝇占比9.5%。