Art and politics in the Russian satirical press, 1905-1908

Unrestricted The principal subject of inquiry in this dissertation is the satirical press of the First Russian Revolution, 1905-1906. The politically polarized satirical journals of this period are looked at as representing a constituent part of what Jürgen Habermas termed "the liberal-bourgeois public sphere" -- a new socio-political environment created in Russia in the fall and winter of 1905 through a confluence of societal pressure, Tsar's edicts and government legislation.; With Habermas's emphasis on the role of the press in the evolution of bourgeois liberalism in mind, and, in particular, examining the publishing histories as well as the visual and textual content of several major Russian left and right-wing satirical journals, in this dissertation I seek to elucidate larger questions, such as how these politically diverse media forums worked to expand through image and word the boundaries of the new public space and what external conditions and intrinsic contradictions prevented them from achieving this objective.; Although the presence of the politically stratified satirical press revealed the healthy workings of the newly opened public sphere capable of accommodating such competing critical discourses, I argue that its stability and, indeed, legitimacy, were continuously challenged not only by the autocratic state but, paradoxically, by the satirical press itself. Closely modeling their discourses on radical monarchist dogma, the right-wing satirical journals hindered the advancement in Russia of the liberal-bourgeois public sphere by denying some of its key elements through their ridicule of bourgeois parliamentarism, constitutionalism and, in certain respects, the capitalist market.; At the same time, the overly critical and unbending oppositional stance occupied vis-à-vis the tsarist state by the liberal-bourgeois and revolutionary satirical journals, like that of the left-wing political opposition, outweighed other, potentially more constructive forms of satirical journalism. Characteristic of the left-wing press as a whole and of the select journals explored in this study, such a stance presented an earlier example of what Louise McReynolds gauged as the Russian intelligentsia and the post-1905 periodical press retreating to a position of "a moral high ground" precluding both from finding compromises with the regime, and, ultimately, failing to secure the achievements of Russia's incipient bourgeois liberalism.

【无限制使用】本学位论文的核心研究主题为1905—1906年俄国第一次革命时期的讽刺报刊。这一时期政治立场极化的讽刺期刊，被视为尤尔根·哈贝马斯（Jürgen Habermas）所称的自由资产阶级公共领域（liberal-bourgeois public sphere）的组成部分——这一全新社会政治环境于1905年秋冬之际在俄国形成，其诞生源于社会压力、沙皇敕令与政府立法的共同作用。以哈贝马斯关于报刊在资产阶级自由主义演进中作用的论述为理论依托，本文重点考察数家主要俄国左翼与右翼讽刺期刊的出版历程，以及其视觉与文本内容，旨在阐释若干宏观议题：这些政治立场各异的媒体平台如何通过图文拓展新型公共空间的边界，又有哪些外部条件与内在矛盾阻碍了这一目标的实现。尽管这种政治分层的讽刺报刊的存在，彰显了新开放的公共领域具备容纳多元批判话语的健康运行机制，但本文认为，其稳定性乃至合法性，不仅持续受到专制国家的挑战，矛盾的是，也同样来自讽刺报刊自身。右翼讽刺期刊的话语紧密效仿激进君主主义教条，通过嘲讽资产阶级议会制、宪政主义，以及在某些维度上的资本主义市场，否定了自由资产阶级公共领域的若干核心要素，从而阻碍了该领域在俄国的发展。与此同时，自由资产阶级与革命派讽刺期刊（如同左翼政治反对派）对沙皇国家采取的过度批判与僵化对立立场，削弱了其他潜在更具建设性的讽刺新闻业形态。作为整体左翼报刊及本研究考察的特定期刊的典型特征，这种立场早露端倪，正如路易丝·麦克雷诺兹（Louise McReynolds）所论断的，俄国知识分子与1905年后的期刊报刊退居“道德高地”，这使得二者均无法与政权达成妥协，并最终未能巩固俄国萌芽中的资产阶级自由主义成果。