Data for: Eco-evolutionary consequences of dispersal syndromes during colonization in a passerine bird

In most animal species, dispersing individuals possess phenotypic attributes that mitigate the costs of colonization and/or increase settlement success in new areas (‘dispersal syndromes’). This phenotypic integration likely affects population dynamics and the direction of selection, but data are lacking for natural populations. Using an approach that combines population dynamics, quantitative genetics and phenotypic selection analyses, we reveal the existence of dispersal syndromes in a pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) population in The Netherlands: immigrants were larger, tended to have darker plumage, bred earlier and produced larger clutches than local recruits, and some of these traits were genetically correlated. Over time, the phenotypic profile of the population gradually changed: each generation advanced arrival and breeding and exhibited longer wings as the result of direct and indirect selection on these correlated traits. Although phenotypic attributes of immigrants were favored by selection during the early phase of colonization, observed phenotypic changes were similar for immigrants and local recruits. We propose that immigrants facilitated initial population establishment but that temporal changes likely resulted from climate change-induced large-scale selection. This study highlights that newly established populations are of non-random composition and that phenotypic architecture affects evolutionary population trajectories.  

Methods
Data sets were collected in a wild pied flycatcher population in Drenthe in the Netherlands from 2007 until 2018. Three datasets have been used in this manuscript:

1. phenotypic data on population change (life-history and morphological traits measured in each year) = "data population change"

2. phenotypic selection dataset (relative fitness measurements and standardized phenotypic traits measured in each year) = "data phenotypic selection

3. quantitative genetics dataset (data + pedigree file) = "pedigree" & "data quantitative genetics"

在多数动物类群中，扩散个体均携带有可缓解定居代价、提升新栖息地定居成功率的表型特征，此类特征组合被称为「扩散综合征（dispersal syndromes）」。这种表型整合可能会影响种群动态与选择方向，但目前自然种群中的相关研究数据仍较为匮乏。
我们结合种群动态、数量遗传学（quantitative genetics）与表型选择（phenotypic selection）分析方法，在荷兰的斑鹟（Ficedula hypoleuca）野生种群中证实了扩散综合征的存在：相较于本地新生个体，迁入个体体型更大、羽色更深、繁殖起始更早且窝卵数更多，且部分此类表型间存在遗传相关性。
随着时间推移，该种群的表型特征逐渐发生改变：由于对这些相关性状的直接与间接选择，每一世代的个体均更早抵达繁殖地、更早繁殖，且翼长更长。尽管在种群定殖初期，迁入个体的表型特征受到选择青睐，但观测到的表型变化在迁入个体与本地新生个体间并无显著差异。
我们认为，迁入个体助力了种群的初始定殖，但种群的长期表型变化或由气候变化引发的大范围选择所导致。本研究表明，新建立的种群其组成并非随机，且表型架构会影响种群的进化轨迹。

## 研究方法
本研究的数据采集自2007年至2018年荷兰德伦特省的一个野生斑鹟种群。本文共使用三类数据集：
1. 种群动态表型数据集（每年记录的生活史性状与形态学性状），对应标注为 "data population change"
2. 表型选择数据集（每年记录的相对适合度测量值与标准化表型性状），对应标注为 "data phenotypic selection"
3. 数量遗传学数据集（表型数据+系谱文件），对应标注为 "pedigree" 与 "data quantitative genetics"