全球河流 574815 条概况

Rivers are important freshwater resources and the cradle of human civilization, while also being a core area of global biogeochemical cycles, possessing crucial ecological value. Viruses, as the most abundant biological entities in river ecosystems, significantly influence the biogeochemical cycling processes by infecting host organisms such as bacteria and algae. At the same time, rivers serve as important pathways for the transmission and spread of pathogenic viruses, posing potential threats to the biological safety of watersheds. However, current global understanding of the structure and diversity of river virus communities remains insufficient. Systematically analyzing the species composition and diversity of river viruses, revealing their key influencing factors, and clarifying their virus-host relationships are critically important for comprehensively understanding the ecosystem functions of aquatic viruses, assessing their potential health risks, and predicting their response patterns in the context of climate change. This study first systematically reviews research literature on viruses in rivers over the past thirty years (since 1989), covering six continents and 33 rivers, and comprehensively analyzes the core biogeochemical parameters that influence river virus communities. The findings indicate that the variation range of viral abundance in global river waters is generally between 105to 108VLPs/mL, bacterial abundance ranges from 105to 107Cells/mL, and the virus-to-bacteria ratio varies from 0.4 to 55.4. Statistical analysis shows that bacterial abundance, nitrogen content in various forms in the water, total phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen are the main factors affecting virus abundance. Additionally, this study delves into the species composition, host associations, and potential pathogenic risks of river viruses based on the river virus data from the global virus database IMG-VR4 (including 574,815 viral genome sequences). It finds that bacteriophages dominate river virus communities, accounting for 88% of the total number of analyzed river viral genomes. Notably, up to 9,626 related viral genome records from animals (including humans) were detected from freshwater environments, comprising 1.7% of the total viral genomes. Among these viruses, high-risk categories with potential pathogenicity include coronaviruses, herpesviruses, and human papillomaviruses. Finally, this paper projects future directions for river virus research, suggesting that future studies should focus on the following areas: (1) seasonal dynamics and interannual variations of viral abundance and community composition in river waters; (2) community characteristics, functions, and ecological roles of RNA viruses in river waters; (3) mechanisms by which global changes (such as climate warming and land-use changes) affect river virus community structure and function; (4) efficient monitoring technologies and prevention strategies for potential pathogenic viruses in rivers.

河流是重要的淡水资源与人类文明的摇篮，同时也是全球生物地球化学循环的核心区域，拥有至关重要的生态价值。病毒作为河流生态系统中丰度最高的生物实体，可通过感染细菌、藻类等宿主生物显著影响生物地球化学循环过程。与此同时，河流也是致病性病毒传播扩散的重要途径，对流域生物安全构成潜在威胁。然而，当前全球范围内对河流病毒群落的结构与多样性仍缺乏足够认知。系统解析河流病毒的物种组成与多样性、揭示其关键影响因素、明确病毒-宿主关联，对于全面理解水生病毒的生态系统功能、评估其潜在健康风险、预测其在气候变化背景下的响应模式均具有重要意义。本研究首先系统梳理了近30年（1989年至今）以来的河流病毒相关研究文献，覆盖六大洲共计33条河流，全面分析了影响河流病毒群落的核心生物地球化学参数。研究结果显示，全球河流水体中病毒丰度的变化范围大致介于10^5至10^8病毒样颗粒（Virus-like Particles, VLPs）/mL之间，细菌丰度范围为10^5至10^7个/mL，病毒与细菌丰度比（Virus-to-Bacteria Ratio, VBR）则介于0.4至55.4之间。统计分析表明，细菌丰度、水体中各类形态的氮含量、总磷以及溶解氧是影响病毒丰度的主要因素。此外，本研究基于全球病毒数据库IMG-VR4（包含574815条病毒基因组序列）中的河流病毒数据，深入探讨了河流病毒的物种组成、宿主关联与潜在致病风险。研究发现，噬菌体（Bacteriophages）主导河流病毒群落，占所分析河流病毒基因组总数的88%。值得注意的是，在淡水环境中检测到多达9626条与动物（包括人类）相关的病毒基因组记录，占病毒基因组总量的1.7%。其中，具备潜在致病性的高风险类群包括冠状病毒（Coronaviruses）、疱疹病毒（Herpesviruses）以及人乳头瘤病毒（Human Papillomaviruses）。最后，本文展望了河流病毒研究的未来方向，建议后续研究应聚焦以下领域：（1）河流水体中病毒丰度与群落组成的季节动态及年际变化；（2）河流水体中RNA病毒的群落特征、功能与生态角色；（3）全球变化（如气候变暖与土地利用变化）影响河流病毒群落结构与功能的机制；（4）河流中潜在致病性病毒的高效监测技术与防控策略。