Results of nonlinear ARDL estimation.

Clean energy development can bring numerous benefits, such as decreased greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, and increased job opportunities in the green industry. These advantages can be achieved through the collaborative efforts of all stakeholders involved. Ultimately, adopting clean energy can lead to a healthier planet and economy. Energy availability and scarcity influence the aggregated economy. The present study explores the interrelationships between financial openness, trade openness, gross capital formation, urbanization, financial development, education, and energy within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations. A panel of 56 nations has considered empirical investigation for 2002–2020. The coefficients extracted from CS-ARDL revealed a catalyst role of openness in the energy mix, especially the inclusion of clean energy both in the long run and short. The asymmetric evaluation revealed that positive negative shocks in openness lead to a positive association with energy consumption. Moreover, the asymmetric association was also exposed through the execution of a standard Wald test. The study findings show that FO, TO, and GCF are critical in energy sustainability in BRI nations. It implies that clean energy inclusion in the energy mix might be amplified, and energy sustainability may be ensured. The energy transition of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations is significantly affected by financial, trade, and domestic capital adequacy. The success of sustainable energy policies is determined by several factors, which play a crucial role in countries participating in BRI projects; the findings provide insight into the complex interdependencies among the variables above and their effects on the energy dynamics within the BRI region. Furthermore, the research findings hold considerable significance for policymakers as they offer valuable insights into the possible synergies and trade-offs among these factors that can facilitate sustainable energy transitions in the BRI economies.清洁能源发展可带来多重利好，包括减少温室气体排放、改善空气质量，以及增加绿色产业的就业岗位。上述利好需通过所有涉事利益相关方的协同合作方可达成。最终，清洁能源的推广应用可助力打造更为健康的地球与经济体系。能源的可获得性与稀缺性会对整体经济产生影响。本研究聚焦“一带一路”倡议（Belt and Road Initiative, BRI）成员国，探讨了金融开放（Financial Openness, FO）、贸易开放（Trade Openness, TO）、总资本形成（Gross Capital Formation, GCF）、城市化、金融发展、教育水平与能源之间的相互关联。本研究选取56个成员国作为研究样本，对2002年至2020年的面板数据展开实证分析。通过交叉群组自回归分布滞后模型（CS-ARDL）提取的系数显示，开放度对能源结构转型具有催化作用，无论长期还是短期均能推动清洁能源的融入。非对称检验结果表明，开放度的正向与负向冲击均会与能源消费呈现正向关联。此外，标准沃德（Wald）检验也验证了该非对称关联的存在。本研究结果显示，金融开放（FO）、贸易开放（TO）与总资本形成（GCF）是“一带一路”成员国实现能源可持续发展的关键因素。这意味着可进一步强化能源结构中的清洁能源占比，切实保障能源可持续性。“一带一路”成员国的能源转型显著受到金融开放、贸易开放与国内资本充足水平的影响。可持续能源政策的成效取决于多重关键因素，而这些因素对参与“一带一路”项目的国家而言至关重要；本研究结果揭示了上述变量间复杂的相互依存关系，以及其对“一带一路”区域能源动态的影响。此外，本研究结果对政策制定者具有重要参考价值：研究揭示了这些因素间可能存在的协同效应与权衡关系，可为“一带一路”经济体的可持续能源转型提供有益指引。