Supplementary file 1_Enhancing sleep, wakefulness, and cognition with transcranial photobiomodulation: a systematic review.docx

Disruptions in sleep are common across clinical populations, particularly those with neurological and psychiatric disorders, making restorative sleep and sustained wakefulness a public health priority. Sleep is essential for brain function, impacting cognition in addition to serving as a critical factor in memory consolidation and healthy aging. Neuromodulation via transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) increases cerebral mitochondrial activity and blood flow. These effects may underlie improvements in sleep quality and wakefulness observed after t-PBM. In this systematic review, we summarize the current literature across clinical and healthy populations, which describes t-PBM’s potential to improve sleep, wakefulness, and cognition. The scope of this review also includes t-PBM’s effect on the brain’s glymphatic system and blood flow, the potential of this strategy to augment alertness, wakefulness, and associated cognitive processes, and the suggestion for targeted t-PBM application for future research based on the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of t-PBM and wakefulness across diverse clinical populations.

睡眠障碍在临床人群中极为常见，尤以神经系统疾病与精神障碍患者群体为甚，因此恢复性睡眠与持续清醒状态已成为公共卫生领域的核心优先事项。睡眠对大脑功能至关重要，不仅对认知能力产生影响，同时也是记忆巩固与健康老龄化的关键调控因素。经颅光生物调节（transcranial photobiomodulation, t-PBM）所介导的神经调控，可提升大脑线粒体活性与脑血流量。上述效应或是经颅光生物调节干预后，睡眠质量与清醒状态得以改善的潜在机制。本项系统综述梳理了当前针对临床人群与健康人群的相关研究文献，总结了经颅光生物调节在改善睡眠、清醒状态与认知能力方面的潜在价值。本综述的涵盖范围还包括经颅光生物调节对大脑胶质淋巴系统与脑血流量的影响、该干预策略提升警觉性、清醒状态及相关认知过程的潜力，同时结合经颅光生物调节与不同临床人群清醒状态的潜在神经生物学机制，为未来靶向应用经颅光生物调节的研究方向提供了科学建议。