Supplementary Material for: Patterns of Psychological Adaptation to Spousal Bereavement in Old Age

<b><i>Background:</i></b> While the negative effects of spousal bereavement on well-being are well documented in empirical research, the large individual differences in psychological adaptation are still not well understood. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> This contribution aims to identify patterns of psychological adaptation to spousal loss in old age and to shed light on the role of intra- and interpersonal resources and contextual factors as discriminant variables among these patterns. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The data stem from a cross-sectional questionnaire study of 402 widowed individuals (228 women, 174 men) aged between 60 and 89 years (mean age 74.41 years), who lost their partner within the last 5 years, and 618 married individuals, who served as controls (312 women, 306 men; mean age 73.82 years). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The exploratory latent profile analysis of the well-being outcomes of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, loneliness, life satisfaction and subjective health revealed three different groups in the widowed sample: ‘resilients' (54% of the sample), ‘copers' (39%) and ‘vulnerables' (7%). The most important variables for group allocation were intrapersonal resources - psychological resilience and the Big Five personality traits - but also the quality of the former relationship and how the loss was experienced. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Successful adaptation to spousal loss is primarily associated with high scores in psychological resilience and extraversion and low scores in neuroticism. Our results shed light on the variability in psychological adaptation and underline the important role of intrapersonal resources in facing spousal loss in old age.

**背景**：尽管配偶丧亲对个体幸福感的负面影响已在实证研究中得到充分验证，但心理适应层面存在的显著个体差异仍未得到充分阐释。
**研究目的**：本研究旨在识别老年群体遭遇配偶丧亲后的心理适应模式，并探究个体内部资源（intrapersonal resources）、人际资源（interpersonal resources）及情境因素作为此类模式区分变量（discriminant variables）的作用。
**研究方法**：本研究数据来源于一项横断面问卷研究（cross-sectional questionnaire study），共纳入402名60至89岁的丧偶个体（其中女性228名，男性174名，平均年龄74.41岁），这些个体均在近5年内经历了配偶离世；同时纳入618名已婚个体作为对照组，其中女性312名，男性306名，平均年龄73.82岁。
**研究结果**：针对抑郁症状、无望感、孤独感、生活满意度及主观健康这几项幸福感指标的探索性潜在剖面分析（exploratory latent profile analysis）显示，丧偶样本可划分为三类不同群体：‘韧性群体（resilients）’（占样本的54%）、‘应对群体（copers）’（占39%）与‘脆弱群体（vulnerables）’（占7%）。影响群体归属的最重要变量为个体内部资源——心理韧性（psychological resilience）与大五人格特质（Big Five personality traits）——同时还包括既往伴侣关系质量及丧亲经历的主观体验。
**研究结论**：成功适应配偶丧亲主要与较高的心理韧性（psychological resilience）和外向性（extraversion）得分、较低的神经质（neuroticism）得分相关。本研究结果阐明了心理适应的个体差异机制，并凸显了个体内部资源在老年群体应对配偶丧亲过程中的重要作用。