<p>Instrumental variable regression results.</p>

Using an original survey of 2,202 households across 36 renewed neighborhoods in Hangzhou, China, this study examines how resident agency—operationalized as self-governance willingness and participation efficacy—shapes satisfaction with urban public services within a legally structured participatory governance context. To address endogeneity, we estimate two-stage least squares models with district and street fixed effects, instrumenting self-governance willingness with distance to the provincial government offices and participation efficacy with policy awareness and community involvement; instrument diagnostics indicate strong and valid instruments. In the second stage, both constructs are positively associated with satisfaction. Mediation analyses show that participation efficacy is associated with lower perceived disparities between renewed and newly built neighborhoods, and perceived disparities, in turn, are negatively related to satisfaction, consistent with partial mediation in which effective participatory channels translate engagement into experienced fairness. By contrast, self-governance willingness is positively related to disparity sensitivity, yielding a suppression pattern absent adequate institutional responsiveness. Results are robust to additive-index specifications and the original five-point outcome, and with significantly larger effects among low-income, urban-hukou, small-unit groups. The findings underscore the value of institutionalized, responsive participatory arrangements that align with resident preferences, clarify responsibility allocation, and sustain feedback loops to enhance procedural fairness and, in turn, satisfaction within legally structured neighborhood renewal.本研究基于对中国杭州市36个更新改造小区的2202户家庭开展的原创性调查，考察了在合法架构的参与式治理语境下，以自治意愿与参与效能为操作化定义的居民能动性，如何影响居民对城市公共服务的满意度。为解决内生性问题，本研究采用纳入区级与街道固定效应的两阶段最小二乘模型进行估计，以距省级政府办公场所的距离作为自治意愿的工具变量，以政策认知水平与社区参与度作为参与效能的工具变量；工具变量诊断结果显示，所选工具变量具备强有效性与合理性。第二阶段回归结果表明，上述两个构念均与居民满意度呈显著正相关。中介效应分析显示，参与效能与更新改造小区和新建商品房小区之间的感知差距呈负相关，而感知差距又与满意度负相关，这契合部分中介效应的特征——即有效的参与渠道能够将居民参与转化为感知到的公平感。与之相对，自治意愿则与差距敏感度呈正相关，在制度响应不足的情境下会产生抑制效应。研究结果在采用加总指数设定以及原始五点量表因变量的情况下均保持稳健，且在低收入、城镇户籍、小型居住单元群体中，该效应显著更强。本研究结果凸显了制度化、响应式参与机制的价值：这类机制需契合居民偏好、明确权责分配，并维持反馈闭环，以提升程序公平性，进而在合法架构的小区更新语境下提升居民满意度。