Antimicrobial activity of EA-AS.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of Anabasis setifera extract, including its antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. In the current study, Anabasis setifera leaves extract was evaluated for antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant activities and phytochemical analyses. Ethyl acetate extract of Anabasis setifera (EA-AS) exhibited promising antimicrobial activity toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus fumigatus with MICs 62.5, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 125 μg/mL respectively. Moreover, EA-AS showed anticancer activity at safe concentrations, where IC50 were 36.4 and 44 μg/mL toward Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cancerous cell lines. EA-AS was found to contain 55 significant compounds identified through gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS). The most abundant compounds were 1,4-dimethoxy-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-benzocycloheptenone (26.04%), hexa-2,4-diyn-1-ylbenzene (8.40%), dihydrobenzo[b]fluoranthene (6.10%), ethanone, 1-[2,3-dihydro-2-(1-methylethenyl)-5-benzofuranyl (6.10%), and valerenol (4.08%). GC mass analysis confirmed the antioxidant properties of AS by detecting several compounds with antioxidant activity, including hexa-2,4-diyn-1-ylbenzene, nerolidol, spathulenol, -naphthalenem ethanol, decahydro-4-trimethyl-8-methylene, hexadecenoic acid, tremetone, desmethoxyencecalin, heptadecyn-1-ol, thunbergol, hexadecanol, dotriacontane, taylorione, ligulatin, retinoic acid, and falcarinol. The analysis of EA-AS reveals that it is a rich source of valuable phytochemicals: total Phenolic Content: a promising 4,264 μg/mL /, suggesting substantial biological and pharmacological potential. Total tannin content: 391.17 μg/mL, indicating potential applications in industries like nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Total flavonoid content exceptionally high at 5,163 μg/mL, while the total alkaloid content measured 1,036.26 μg/mL. Additionally, EA-AS demonstrated antioxidant activity with an EC50 of 30.6 μg/mL. In conclusion, the comprehensive analysis of the EA-AS reveals its immense potential as a rich source of valuable phytochemicals with diverse bioactivities, warranting further in-depth studies to unlock its full pharmaceutical and commercial prospects. Our results suggest substantial biological and pharmacological prospects for EA-AS as a promising antimicrobial, anticancer, and potent antioxidant.本研究的核心目标为评价刚毛假木贼（Anabasis setifera）提取物的生物学活性，涵盖抗菌、抗癌与抗氧化特性。本次研究中，研究者对刚毛假木贼叶片提取物的抗菌、抗癌、抗氧化活性及植物化学组成展开了系统分析。刚毛假木贼乙酸乙酯提取物（EA-AS）对大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、白色念珠菌（Candida albicans）、巴西曲霉（Aspergillus brasiliensis）、烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）均表现出优异的抗菌活性，最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为62.5、125、62.5、31.25、62.5、125及125 μg/mL。此外，EA-AS在安全浓度范围内展现出抗癌活性，针对Hep-G2肝癌细胞系与MCF-7乳腺癌细胞系的半抑制浓度（IC50）分别为36.4 μg/mL和44 μg/mL。通过气相色谱-质谱联用法（GCMS）鉴定出55种特征性化合物，其中含量最高的成分包括：1,4-二甲氧基-6,7,8,9-四氢-5-苯并环庚烯酮（占比26.04%）、六-2,4-二炔-1-基苯（8.40%）、二氢苯并[b]荧蒽（6.10%）、1-[2,3-二氢-2-(1-甲基乙烯基)-5-苯并呋喃基]乙酮（6.10%）以及缬草醇（4.08%）。气相色谱-质谱分析通过检测多种具备抗氧化活性的化合物，证实了刚毛假木贼提取物的抗氧化性能，此类化合物包括六-2,4-二炔-1-基苯、橙花叔醇、斯巴醇、萘甲醇、十氢-4-三甲基-8-亚甲基、十六烯酸、泽兰酮、去甲氧基恩卡林、十七炔-1-醇、厚叶木兰醇、十六烷醇、三十二烷、泰勒酮、舌叶素、视黄酸以及镰叶芹醇。对EA-AS的成分分析显示，其为高价值植物化学物质的优质来源：总酚含量达4264 μg/mL，展现出显著的生物学与药理学开发潜力；总单宁含量为391.17 μg/mL，表明其在营养保健品、制药及化妆品等产业中具备潜在应用价值；总黄酮含量高达5163 μg/mL，总生物碱含量为1036.26 μg/mL。此外，EA-AS的抗氧化活性半有效浓度（EC50）为30.6 μg/mL。综上，对EA-AS的全面分析表明，其作为富含高价值植物化学物质的原料，具备多样的生物活性潜力，亟需开展进一步深入研究以充分挖掘其全部药学与商业应用前景。本研究结果证实，EA-AS作为极具潜力的抗菌、抗癌及强效抗氧化剂，拥有可观的生物学与药理学应用价值。