Research data for paper: Social Norms Misperception Among Voters in the 2020 US Presidential Election

Data for paper appearing in Journal of Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (publication date yet to be announced). The files contain the following de-identified data:- wave 1 (prior to US presidential election 2020) data collection (US survey_t1_deidentified) and for wave 2 (after US election) data collection (US survey_t2_deidentified)- a merged dataset (containing data from both waves, participants were removed in accordance with exclusion criteria)- readme file (provides description of variables and instruction how to use them)- R syntax (US_survey_for public) with code used in this studyAbstractWe aim to explain the dynamics enabling spikes in hate crimes by examining the underlying social-psychological processes behind it. We see these as captured in empowerment processes amongst racist who see themselves as “victims” and their position strengthened by majority support from the public for their actions. Building on previous research, we investigated the role social norm misperception (false consensus and pluralistic ignorance), following elections plays as a possible, generally occurring mechanism, which particular focus on Republican Party supporters. In a two-wave panel study, we surveyed Democrat and Republican supporters on social norms misperception, as well as collective empowerment, and xenophobic behavioural intentions. While we could replicate and strengthen our arguments and establish robust group-dependent effects for social norms misperception and illustrate that an unexpected outcome of the election led to disempowerment amongst Republicans, we found null effects for changes in social norms misperception, and for behavioural intentions. Our study contributes to understanding social norms misperception as associated with group membership. Deriving from that, the study results indicate that the perception of a majority agreeing with one´s approval is potentially less influenced by external factors, in contrast to feelings of joy and group efficacy – collective empowerment. Practical implications of group differences regarding post-election collective actions are discussed.I confirm that the data contains no identifiable information relating to any living individual and that it would not be possible to identify a living individual if combined with another available dataset. I confirm that there are no commercial partners involved in the research that might affect the publication of this data.本数据集对应一篇将发表于《社会问题与公共政策分析期刊》（Journal of Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy，期刊出版日期待定）的学术论文。所附文件包含以下去标识化数据：1. 两波调查数据：第一波（2020年美国总统选举前）采集数据（文件名为US_survey_t1_deidentified），第二波（美国大选结束后）采集数据（文件名为US_survey_t2_deidentified）；2. 合并数据集：包含两波调查的全部数据，已根据排除标准剔除部分参与者；3. 说明文档（readme文件）：阐释变量含义及数据使用方法；4. 本研究使用的R语法代码文件（US_survey_for public）。 摘要 本研究旨在通过剖析仇恨犯罪激增背后的深层社会心理过程，阐释催生仇恨犯罪飙升的动态机制。我们认为，该机制体现为将自身视为“受害者”的种族主义者的赋权进程，而公众对其行为的多数派支持进一步巩固了其立场。本研究依托既往学术成果，探讨了选举后出现的社会规范误判（social norm misperception，包含虚假共识false consensus与多元无知pluralistic ignorance）作为一种普遍存在的潜在作用机制，且研究特别聚焦于共和党支持者群体。在一项两波追踪面板研究（two-wave panel study）中，我们针对民主党与共和党支持者开展了关于社会规范误判、集体赋权（collective empowerment）以及排外行为意向（xenophobic behavioural intentions）的调查。本研究不仅复证并强化了既有论点，明确了社会规范误判存在稳健的群体依赖效应，还揭示此次大选的意外结果导致共和党群体出现去赋权现象；但我们未发现社会规范误判与行为意向存在显著变化。本研究有助于理解社会规范误判与群体成员身份的关联。据此，研究结果表明，相较于愉悦感与群体效能——集体赋权，个体感知到多数人赞同自身立场的程度受外部因素的影响相对更小。本文最后讨论了选举后集体行动中群体差异的实践启示。 本人确认本数据集未包含任何可识别在世自然人的信息，且即便与其他公开数据集结合，亦无法识别出任何在世个体。本人确认本研究未涉及可能影响本数据集发布的商业合作方。