Discriminate validity test.

The issue of rural living environment is a critical concern for China and the global community, intricately intertwined with regional economic development. The proactive involvement of rural residents, who are both beneficiaries and influencers of the environment, constitutes a cornerstone in improving environmental standards. Therefore, the factors that shape rural residents’ participation in living environment upgrade must be explored. Drawing upon the theory of planned behavior and social capital theory, this study employs a structural equation model (SEM) to comprehensively examine the determinants of rural residents’ engagement in living environment upgrade, utilizing data from 334 households in Hebei Province, China. The findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Social networks, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and attitudes towards behavior significantly and positively impact rural residents’ engagement in upgrading the living environment, (2) Attitudes towards behavior act as mediators between perceived behavioral control and rural residents’ engagement in living environment upgrade, as well as between subjective norms and rural residents’ engagement in living environmental upgrade. (3) Social networks could indirectly influence rural residents’ engagement in living environment upgrade through the independent mediating effect of subjective norms and attitudes towards behavior, as well as through the chain mediating effect of the two. In conclusion, several managerial recommendations are proposed to stimulate rural residents’ active participation in living environment upgrade.

农村人居环境问题是中国乃至全球社会共同关注的重大议题，与区域经济发展紧密交织。农村居民既是人居环境的受益主体，亦是影响环境状况的关键力量，其主动参与是提升环境品质的核心基石。因此，亟需深入探究影响农村居民参与人居环境整治升级的各类驱动因素。
本研究基于计划行为理论（Theory of Planned Behavior）与社会资本理论（Social Capital Theory），采用结构方程模型（Structural Equation Model，SEM），以中国河北省334户农户的调研数据为样本，全面考察农村居民参与人居环境整治升级的影响因素。
研究结果可归纳如下：
（1）社会网络、主观规范、知觉行为控制及行为态度均对农村居民参与人居环境整治升级产生显著正向影响；
（2）行为态度在知觉行为控制与农村居民人居环境整治升级参与行为之间，以及主观规范与农村居民人居环境整治升级参与行为之间均发挥中介作用；
（3）社会网络可通过主观规范与行为态度的独立中介效应，以及二者的链式中介效应，间接影响农村居民参与人居环境整治升级。
综上，本研究提出多项管理建议，以激发农村居民主动参与人居环境整治升级的积极性。