Italian Soil Information System

The application offers both soil and climatic information, related to 1:500,000 scale geography. The soil information systems of Italy is made up of a hierarchy of geographical layers, which includes soil regions, aimed at correlating the soils of Italy with the other European countries, soil systems, for the correlation of soil at the national level, and soil sub-systems, for the regional level. The databases provides an inventory of Italian soilscapes at two reference scale, Soil region (1:5,000,000) and Soil systems (1:500,000). Relation between entities (soil-typological-unit, soil derived profile, benchmark soil profile) and geography (soil mapping units), was also stored. Geographical layers (administrative boundaries, regionand province main towns, soil regions, and rasters of climatic variables) and correlation entities was also stored. Soil regions are a regionally restricted part of the soil cover characterized by a typical climate and parent-material association. Soil systems illustrate main Italian soilscapes and are composed of homogeneous areas as for physiography, lithology, river drainage network, and land cover. Each cartographic unit was described as combination of: i) a major landform, established according to main morphological process, slope, hypsometry, kind and degree of drainage, ii) two lithological types, iii) three land cover attributes. Maximum seven land components were recognized in each land system. A land component was a specific combination of morphology, lithology and land cover that was not delineated. 1412 soil observations have been stored on the Ms Access database mostly complete with 4284 analyzed soil horizons for the most common analytical parameters (pH in water; Carbon (C) - organic; Carbonate (CO3--) - Total; Clay, Sand, and Silt fraction; Available water capacity - estimated volumetric) and 2039 photos. Several climatic variables, relevant for soil evaluation and management, have been collected and stored. Climatical maps have been produced by spatialization of longterm statistics related to meteorological stations. The map of precipitation (AnnualRainfall) was obtained by ordinary kriging of 1,613 stations completed of long termannual average values. Mean annual air temperature was obtained by ordinary kriging of 944 stations of long-term average annual air temperature. The humidity index was obtained with a simple calculation (Annual Rainfall/Mean Annual Air Temperature). Average temperature of the soil to 50 cm was calculated on the basis of the average air temperature of the long term and field capacity of the soil at the same depth, accordingto the equation: Tm = soil to 0.5 m tm air + (field capacity to 0.5 m - 20.7) / 7.9 (Constantini et al., 1999). The mean annual soil temperatures map was obtained byordinary kriging of 6,660 data of average soil temperature at 50 cm.本应用提供与1:50万比例尺地理数据相关的土壤与气候信息。意大利土壤信息系统由分层地理图层构成，包含用于关联意大利与其他欧洲国家土壤的土壤区域（soil regions）、用于国家级土壤关联的土壤系统（soil systems），以及用于区域级关联的土壤子系统（soil sub-systems）。 本数据库以两种参考比例尺对意大利土壤景观（soilscapes）进行了编目：土壤区域（1:500万）与土壤系统（1:50万）。此外还存储了实体（土壤类型单元（soil-typological-unit）、衍生土壤剖面（soil derived profile）、基准土壤剖面（benchmark soil profile））与地理要素（土壤制图单元（soil mapping units））之间的关联关系。同时存储的地理图层包括行政边界、区域与省级首府、土壤区域以及气候变量栅格（rasters of climatic variables），以及各类关联实体。 土壤区域是土壤覆盖层中受区域限制的部分，其特征为典型的气候与母质组合。土壤系统展示了意大利主要的土壤景观，由在自然地理、岩性、河网水系与土地覆被方面均一的区域构成。每个制图单元均由以下要素组合而成：i）依据主要地貌过程、坡度、高程测量、排水类型与程度确定的主要地貌；ii）两种岩性类型；iii）三种土地覆被属性。每个土地系统最多可识别出7个土地组分，土地组分指由地貌、岩性与土地覆被组合而成的特定单元，此类单元未被单独勾绘。 本Ms Access数据库中共存储了1412条土壤观测数据，其中绝大多数包含4284个已分析土壤剖面层位的常规分析参数，包括水提pH值、有机碳（C）、总碳酸盐（CO3^2-）、黏粒、砂粒与粉粒组分、有效持水量（估算体积含水量），以及2039张相关照片。 此外还收集并存储了多项与土壤评价与管理相关的气候变量。气候图件通过对气象站长期统计数据进行空间化处理生成。年降雨量（AnnualRainfall）分布图通过对1613个气象站的长期年平均降雨量数据进行普通克里金（ordinary kriging）插值得到。年平均气温分布图则通过对944个气象站的长期年平均气温数据进行普通克里金插值得到。湿度指数通过简单计算公式（年降雨量/年平均气温）计算得到。50cm深度土壤平均温度则依据长期平均气温与该深度土壤田间持水量，通过如下公式计算：Tm = 0.5m深度气温 + (0.5m深度田间持水量 - 20.7)/7.9（Constantini等，1999）。年平均土壤温度分布图通过对6660条50cm深度土壤平均温度数据进行普通克里金插值得到。