Study questionnaire.

A dramatic rise in obesity is caused by unhealthy eating habits combined with lower levels of physical activity, and the under nutrition problem is still unresolved. Focusing on the nutritional needs of adolescents could be a significant step toward breaking the vicious cycle of malnutrition, chronic diseases, and poverty. This study aims to assess food habit, levels of physical activity and nutritional status of adolescents in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, Bhaktapur. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was conducted. Cluster random sampling technique with validated, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Ethical approval, written informed consent and assent were obtained. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to measure level of physical activity. Nutritional Status was measured in terms of BMI for age z-score. Height and weight were measured by using UNICEF Stadiometer and Seca Scale. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis was applied for the further analysis using SPSS V 20. Among the 460 participants, 19.6% were overweight, while 8.5% were underweight. Factors showing a statistical association with being overweight included the mother’s occupation, fruit avoidance, exposure to mass media advertisements, junk food consumption. Almost all the participants (93%) consumed junk food with (57.5%) consuming daily or alternately. Regarding physical activity, 65.4% of participants engaged in moderate activity, 30.7% were inactive and only 3.9% engaged in high levels of physical activity. The level of physical activity did not show a significant association with being overweight. Public health nutritionists should actively engage adolescents in developing interventions that promote healthy eating habits and reduce junk food consumption, as adolescents are more susceptible to food marketing than adults. Physical activity alone may not be responsible for being overweight as dietary modification plays vital role in maintaining normal body weight.

不健康的饮食习惯与体力活动水平下降共同导致肥胖率大幅攀升，而营养不足的问题仍未得到解决。
关注青少年的营养需求，或是打破营养不良、慢性病与贫困之间恶性循环的关键举措。
本研究旨在评估巴克塔普尔马迪亚普尔蒂米市青少年的饮食习惯、体力活动水平与营养状况。
本研究采用横断面描述性研究设计，运用整群随机抽样方法，通过经过信效度验证的自填式问卷开展数据采集。
研究已获得伦理审查批准，并获取了书面知情同意书与未成年受试者同意书。
采用国际体力活动问卷（International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ）评估受试者的体力活动水平，营养状况则以年龄别BMI Z评分进行衡量。
身高与体重分别采用联合国儿童基金会身高计与赛康（Seca）体重秤进行测量。
数据采用卡方检验进行分析，并通过SPSS 20.0版本开展逻辑回归分析以进行进一步探究。
在460名研究对象中，19.6%存在超重情况，8.5%存在体重不足问题。
与超重情况存在统计学关联的影响因素包括母亲职业、水果摄入规避行为、接触大众媒体食品广告以及垃圾食品摄入习惯。
几乎所有研究对象（93%）均有食用垃圾食品的行为，其中57.5%的受试者每日或间断性食用垃圾食品。
在体力活动方面，65.4%的受试者进行中等强度体力活动，30.7%的受试者活动不足，仅3.9%的受试者达到高强度体力活动水平。
体力活动水平与超重情况未呈现显著统计学关联。
鉴于青少年较成年人更易受到食品营销的影响，公共卫生营养学家应积极推动面向青少年的干预措施，以养成健康饮食习惯、减少垃圾食品摄入。
仅依靠体力活动或无法有效预防超重，因为饮食调整在维持正常体重中发挥着关键作用。