Harmonised boundary layer wind profile dataset from six ground-based doppler wind lidars in a transect across Paris (France) from 2022-06-10 to 2024-03-05

Quality controlled and harmonized dataset on wind direction and wind speed profiles from ground-based Doppler Wind LIDARS (DWL), deployed in a multi-institutional effort along a 40 km transect through the centre of the Paris Metropolitan area (France) for the period 2022-06-10 to 2024-03-05. The dataset, its derivation, quality control and evaluation against radiosondes and in-situ observations are decribed in the following manuscript: Morrison, W., Looschelders, D., Céspedes, J., Claxton, B., Drouin, M.-A., Dupont, J.-C., Faucheux, A., Haeffelin, M., Holst, C. C., Kotthaus, S., Masson, V., McGregor, J., Price, J., Zeeman, M., Grimmond, S., and Christen, A.: Harmonised boundary layer wind profile dataset from six ground-based doppler wind lidars in a transect across Paris, France, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-167, 2025. Preview graphs for the full dataset on a daily basis (wind speed, wind direction, wind barbs) are available here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15090857 Continuous data availability consists of Extensive Operation Period (EOP) with 3 DWLs from June 10, 2022 – March 05, 2024 Two Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) with six DWL over 9 weeks in September 2023 to December 2023. Detailed data availability per site along with weather conditions and classifications can be found in the files "paris_dwl_L3VX.XX_data_availability_weather.pdf" and "paris_dwl_L3VX.XX_data_availability_weather.xlsx". Data are provided in daily NetCDF files in two temporal resolutions of 10 minutes ("_600s") and 1 hour ("_3600s"). All dates / times are in UTC. Files are packaged by year and month using the following name convention "paris_dwl_L3VX.XX_YYYY_MM_RRRRs.tar.gz", where X.XX is the version number, YYYY refers to the year, (2022-2024) MM to the month of the year (01-12), and RRRR is the time resolution with "600s" and "3600s". NetCDF files contain the following fields: standard_name (Variable name) Dimensions Description time 1 Timestamp: end of time interval. 600 s and 3600 s time intervals are provided, in separate data files (600 s e.g. 00:00:01 → 00:10:00 and 3600 s e.g. 00:00:01 → 01:00:00). All variables are harmonised to this resolution as averages (e.g. wind) or percentage occurrence (e.g. flags) altitude 1 Altitude of centre of each measurement gate above mean sea level (m). Harmonised gates are 25 m from 0 – 6500 m with values linearly interpolated to this resolution station 1 Measurement location identifier (see table below), all are listed even if no valid data are retrieved during the file’s date. eastward_wind (u) 3 Mean eastward wind component (m s-1) using all valid samples within time interval northward_wind (v) 3 Mean northward wind component (m s-1) using all valid samples within time interval wind_speed (ws) 3 Horizontal wind speed calculated from eastward_wind and northward_wind (m s-1) wind_from_direction (wd) 3 Horizontal wind direction calculated from eastward_wind and northward_wind (degrees from true north) system_id 2 Serial number of sensor deployed at station at a given time latitude (station_lat) 1 Latitude of the measurement station (degrees, decimal, WGS84) longitude (station_lon) 1 Longitude of the measurement station (degrees, decimal, WGS84) station_altitude 1 Measurement station height above ground level (m). Ground level is the “street” level so if the station is on a rooftop, the height will accounts for the building height and any mounting structure station_height 1 Average height of station above sea level (reference_geoid: EGM96) (m) n_rays_in_scan 2 Number of rays in a scan. e.g. 12 for a VAD scan that has 12 samples within one scan n_pulses 2 Number of pulses in a given ray. More pulses, the higher the integration time raw_gate_length 2 Gate length prior to L3 aggregation (m) flag_suspect_retrieval_warn 3 Percentage of values within time interval with retrieval warning not linked to low signal (flag_low_signal_warn_pc) or out of range (flag_ws_out_of_range_removed_pc). Retrievals retained but treat with caution flag_suspect_retrieval_removed 3 Percentage of values within time interval with retrieval error not linked to low signal (flag_low_signal_warn_pc) or out of range (flag_ws_out_of_range_removed_pc). Data removed flag_low_signal_warn 3 Percentage of values within time interval with a low SNR. Retrievals retained but treat with caution flag_low_signal_removed 3 Percentage of values within time interval with a low SNR. Retrieval rejected flag_ws_out_of_range_removed 3 Percentage of values within time interval with wind speed outside reasonable retrievable range (> 60 m s-1) (i.e. removed). Evaluated after all other retrieval QC Version history Version 1.42 Selected additional values at the station PAROIS have been flagged and/or removed due to suspicion of an instrument malfunction. Data have been compared to a co-located SODAR to assess data quality (see manuscript for details) Weather data files (paris_dwl_L3V1.42_data_availability_weather.xlsx and paris_dwl_L3V1.42_data_availability_weather.pdf) have been corrected for an error in the column "Precipitation (mm day-1) MF Montsouris Weather Station" (previously incorrect atribution to day), for the correct highlighting of weekend days and they have been expanded to include sunrise, sunset and solar noon times. Added the processing code adapted from the halo-reader package (halo-reader-morrison-fork.zip) Added the dataset production code (paris-harmonised-dwl-morrison-fork.zip)本数据集为经过质量控制与统一标准化处理的地基多普勒测风激光雷达（Doppler Wind LIDAR，以下简称DWL）风向与风速廓线数据集，由多机构协作部署，沿贯穿法国巴黎大都市区中心的40千米样带布设，观测时段为2022年6月10日至2024年3月5日。 该数据集的构建方法、质量控制流程以及针对无线电探空仪与原位观测数据的评估内容，已在以下论文中详细阐述： Morrison, W.、Looschelders, D.、Céspedes, J.、Claxton, B.、Drouin, M.-A.、Dupont, J.-C.、Faucheux, A.、Haeffelin, M.、Holst, C. C.、Kotthaus, S.、Masson, V.、McGregor, J.、Price, J.、Zeeman, M.、Grimmond, S.与Christen, A.：《法国巴黎样带六台地基多普勒测风激光雷达的协调化边界层风廓线数据集》，《地球系统科学数据》（Earth Syst. Sci. Data），https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-167，2025年。 完整数据集的每日预览图（含风速、风向、风羽图）可通过以下链接获取： https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15090857 数据集的连续可用时段分为： 1. 扩展运行期（Extensive Operation Period，以下简称EOP）：2022年6月10日至2024年3月5日，布设3台DWL； 2. 两次密集观测期（Intensive Observation Period，以下简称IOPs）：2023年9月至2023年12月，共9周，布设6台DWL。 各站点详细的数据可用性信息、气象条件及分类详情，可查阅文件"paris_dwl_L3VX.XX_data_availability_weather.pdf"与"paris_dwl_L3VX.XX_data_availability_weather.xlsx"。 数据以每日为单位存储为网络通用数据格式（NetCDF）文件，提供两种时间分辨率：10分钟（后缀为"_600s"）与1小时（后缀为"_3600s"）。所有日期与时间均采用协调世界时（Coordinated Universal Time，以下简称UTC）。文件按年份与月份打包，命名规则为：`paris_dwl_L3VX.XX_YYYY_MM_RRRRs.tar.gz`，其中X.XX为版本号，YYYY为年份（2022-2024），MM为月份（01-12），RRRR为时间分辨率，可选"600s"与"3600s"。 NetCDF文件包含以下变量： | 标准名称（变量名） | 维度数 | 描述 | | --- | --- | --- | | time | 1 | 时间戳：对应时间区间的结束时刻。提供600秒与3600秒两种时间分辨率的文件（例如600秒分辨率对应00:00:01 → 00:10:00，3600秒分辨率对应00:00:01 → 01:00:00）。所有变量均已统一至该时间分辨率，其中风速类变量为区间内平均值，标记类变量为区间内符合条件的百分比占比。 | | altitude | 1 | 每个测量门的中心海拔高度（单位：米，相对于平均海平面）。统一后的测量门间距为25米，覆盖0至6500米高度范围，数值已通过线性插值统一至此分辨率。 | | station | 1 | 测量站点标识符（详见下表），即使该文件对应日期内无有效数据，也会列出所有站点。 | | eastward_wind (u) | 3 | 东向风分量平均值（单位：米每秒，m s⁻¹），计算区间内所有有效样本的均值。 | | northward_wind (v) | 3 | 北向风分量平均值（单位：米每秒，m s⁻¹），计算区间内所有有效样本的均值。 | | wind_speed (ws) | 3 | 由东向与北向风分量计算得到的水平风速（单位：米每秒，m s⁻¹）。 | | wind_from_direction (wd) | 3 | 由东向与北向风分量计算得到的水平风向（单位：度，相对于正北方向）。 | | system_id | 2 | 对应时段内布设至该站点的传感器序列号。 | | latitude (station_lat) | 1 | 测量站点的纬度（单位：十进制度，WGS84坐标系）。 | | longitude (station_lon) | 1 | 测量站点的经度（单位：十进制度，WGS84坐标系）。 | | station_altitude | 1 | 测量站点相对于地面的高度（单位：米）。此处的地面为"街道层面"，若站点安装在屋顶，则该高度包含建筑高度与安装支架的高度。 | | station_height | 1 | 测量站点的平均海拔高度（参考大地水准面：EGM96，单位：米）。 | | n_rays_in_scan | 2 | 单次扫描的射线数量。例如，单次垂直风廓线扫描（VAD scan）包含12个样本，则该值为12。 | | n_pulses | 2 | 单条射线的脉冲数量。脉冲数越多，积分时间越长。 | | raw_gate_length | 2 | L3级聚合前的测量门长度（单位：米）。 | | flag_suspect_retrieval_warn | 3 | 时间区间内带有可疑检索警告的样本百分比，此类警告不涉及低信噪比（flag_low_signal_warn_pc）或风速超出合理范围（flag_ws_out_of_range_removed_pc），检索结果予以保留但需谨慎使用。 | | flag_suspect_retrieval_removed | 3 | 时间区间内带有检索错误的样本百分比，此类错误不涉及低信噪比或风速超出合理范围，检索结果已被移除。 | | flag_low_signal_warn | 3 | 时间区间内信噪比偏低的样本百分比，检索结果予以保留但需谨慎使用。 | | flag_low_signal_removed | 3 | 时间区间内信噪比偏低的样本百分比，检索结果已被拒绝移除。 | | flag_ws_out_of_range_removed | 3 | 时间区间内风速超出合理可检索范围（>60 m s⁻¹）的样本百分比，此类数据已被移除。该标记在所有其他检索质量控制流程完成后进行评估。 | 版本历史 版本1.42 1. 针对PAROIS站点的部分额外数据，因疑似仪器故障已被标记或移除。已将该数据与共址的声达（SODAR）数据进行比对以评估数据质量（详细内容参见论文）。 2. 已修正气象数据文件（"paris_dwl_L3V1.42_data_availability_weather.xlsx"与"paris_dwl_L3V1.42_data_availability_weather.pdf"）中"MF蒙苏里气象站日降水量（毫米/天）"列的错误（此前存在日期归属错误），并优化了周末日期的高亮显示；此外新增了日出、日落与太阳正午时刻的数据。 3. 新增了改编自halo-reader软件包的处理代码（"halo-reader-morrison-fork.zip"）。 4. 新增了数据集生产代码（"paris-harmonised-dwl-morrison-fork.zip"）。