Supplementary Tables: Movement Enhances Perceived Timing in the Absence of Auditory Feedback

Moving (tapping) to a beat can objectively improve the perception of timing. Here we examine whether auditory feedback from tapping is a requirement for this improvement. In this experiment, two groups of participants heard a series of isochronous beats, and identified whether a probe tone after a short silence was consistent with the timing of the preceding sequence. On half of the trials, participants tapped along on an electronic drum pad up to and including the probe tone, and on half of the trials they listened without tapping. In the auditory feedback (AF) group sounds from tapping were available to participants and in the no auditory feedback (NAF) group these sounds were masked using white noise. In both groups, movement improved timing judgments of the probe tone, however this improvement was more pronounced when auditory feedback was present. Additionally, tapping was more accurate when auditory feedback was available. While previously we demonstrated an effect of movement on perceived timing, here we clarify that movement alone is sufficient to trigger this improvement (independent of the movement’s auditory consequences). We identify the importance of auditory feedback as a cue for movement timing, which subsequently affects perceived timing of an external stimulus. Additionally we have demonstrated that movement alone can improve timing perception, independent of the auditory feedback caused by this movement.

踏着节拍进行移动（轻敲）能够客观地提升对时序的感知。本研究旨在探讨轻敲产生的听觉反馈是否是这种提升的必要条件。在该实验中，两组参与者聆听了一系列等时性节拍，并判断在短暂的沉默之后出现的探针音是否与前一个序列的时序一致。在试验的一半中，参与者沿着电子鼓垫轻敲，直至包括探针音在内，而在另一半试验中，他们仅进行聆听。在听觉反馈（AF）组，参与者的轻敲声音是可获得的，而在无听觉反馈（NAF）组，这些声音被白色噪声所掩盖。在两组中，移动均改善了探针音的时序判断，然而，当存在听觉反馈时，这种改善更为显著。此外，当可提供听觉反馈时，轻敲的准确性也更高。虽然我们先前已经证明了运动对感知时序的影响，但在此我们明确指出，仅运动本身就足以触发这种改善（不受运动产生的听觉后果的影响）。我们确认了听觉反馈作为运动时序线索的重要性，该线索随后影响了对外部刺激感知时序的影响。此外，我们还证明了仅运动本身就能改善时序感知，而不受由此运动产生的听觉反馈的影响。