Table_3_Initial Validation of the Mindful Presence Scale: The Issue of the Construal Level of Scale Items.XLSX

Our research has two main aims. It undertakes the validation of a six-item trait mindfulness scale called Mindful Presence Scale (MPS), which measures central aspects of mindfulness. For the first time in mindfulness literature, the construal level of scale items is also examined. Four questionnaire-based online studies were conducted. Study 1 drew three samples (nn = 391, np = 215, and nb = 235) from the students at the University of Debrecen. It examined the factor structure, reliability, and internal consistency of the three differently worded scale versions. The positively worded scale version (MPSp) yielded a stable two-factor structure and demonstrated the best psychometric properties. Study 2 performed a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample drawn from public employees across the country (ncfa = 420). The two-factor solution in Study 1 was confirmed. χ2 tests were not significant, and fit indices were excellent. There was no significant difference between the high-level construal subscale (Fhlc) and the low-level construal subscale (Fllc) in terms of factorial stability. Participant of Study 3 were students who did not take part in Study 1. The sample (ninv = 250) was tested for measurement invariance across gender. The scaled results supported strong/threshold invariance. Study 4 tested concurrent validity with 10 concurrent instruments. A sample of secondary school teachers (ncon = 128) was tested by examining Spearman's rank order correlations. There was a significant difference in how the Fhlc and Fllc subscales predicted scores of some of the concurrent instruments. Further research is warranted into how the construal level of mindfulness scale items affects the recollection of the mindful experience. Overall, MPSp proved to be a valid short mindfulness measure.

本研究包含两大核心目标：其一为对由6个条目组成的特质正念量表——正念觉察量表（Mindful Presence Scale, MPS）——进行效度验证，该量表用于测评正念的核心维度；同时，本研究在正念研究领域首次对量表条目的解释水平进行了考察。本研究共开展四项基于问卷的线上研究：
研究1从德布勒森大学的学生群体中招募了三组样本（nn=391、np=215、nb=235），考察了三个不同表述版本量表的因素结构、信度及内部一致性。其中正向表述版本（MPSp）呈现出稳定的双因素结构，且展现出最优的心理测量学特性。
研究2针对从全国公职人员中招募的样本（ncfa=420）开展了验证性因素分析，研究1提出的双因素模型得到验证：卡方（χ²）检验结果不显著，拟合指数表现优异；在因素稳定性方面，高解释水平子量表（Fhlc）与低解释水平子量表（Fllc）之间未出现显著差异。
研究3的被试为未参与研究1的学生，其样本量（ninv=250）被用于检验跨性别的测量不变性，标化后的结果支持强（阈值）不变性。
研究4采用10项效标工具检验了量表的效标关联效度：以128名中学教师为样本（ncon=128），通过计算斯皮尔曼等级相关系数开展检验。结果显示，Fhlc与Fllc子量表对部分效标工具得分的预测效应存在显著差异。
未来仍需进一步探究正念量表条目的解释水平如何影响个体对正念体验的回忆。综上，MPSp是一款效度良好的简短正念测评工具。