Competing Technologies: Determining the Geographical Origin of Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) using laboratory based Near-Infrared Spectroscopy compared to a simple portable device

The application and development of fast and simple screening methods for the authentication of foods has increased continuously in recent years. A widely used analytical technique is Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). Despite the simple application of FT-NIR analysis, the analyses are usually carried out on benchtop devices in the laboratory. However small, inexpensive and mobile NIR devices could be used on-site. Despite the simple use of FT-NIR analysis, the examinations are usually carried out on a stationary benchtop device in a laboratory. However, in order to be able to perform the application directly on site, the application of small, cost-effective and mobile NIR devices for food analysis is crucial. In this study, both, a benchtop NIR instrument and a handheld NIR device with a lower resolution and analyzed wavenumber range were applied for the differentiation of strawberries from different geographical origins. Distinguishing German and non-German strawberries using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) yielded an accuracy of 91.9 % and 84.0 % using the benchtop and the handheld devices, respec-tively. Relevant variables could be assigned to lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Overall, our study demonstrated for the first time that analyzing the geographical origin of strawberries using NIR spectroscopy is also possible by means of a handheld device.近年来，用于食品真伪鉴别的快速简便筛查方法的应用与开发持续增多。当前应用最为广泛的分析技术之一为傅里叶变换近红外光谱（Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy, FT-NIR）。尽管FT-NIR分析操作简便，但这类检测通常需依托实验室的台式设备完成。不过，小型、低成本且可移动的近红外设备可实现现场检测。尽管FT-NIR分析操作简便，但此前这类检测通常需在实验室固定台式设备上开展；若要直接在现场完成检测，采用小型、高性价比且便携的近红外设备用于食品分析则至关重要。本研究同时使用了台式近红外仪器与一台分辨率更低、分析波数范围更窄的手持式近红外设备，用于区分不同地理来源的草莓。利用线性判别分析（Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA）区分德国产与非德国产草莓时，台式设备与手持设备的检测准确率分别为91.9%与84.0%。相关变量可归类为脂质、碳水化合物与蛋白质。总体而言，本研究首次证实，借助近红外光谱分析草莓的地理来源，通过手持式设备同样可以实现。