Time cost of natural environment.

Tourist attractions, as core components of tourism product supply, play a crucial role in regional tourism development. Investigating the spatial relationship between the supply and demand of tourist attractions contributes to optimizing the spatial structure of regional tourism and promoting high-quality, balanced, and coordinated growth of the tourism industry. Taking high-grade tourist attractions in Anhui Province as the research object, this paper first analyzes the characteristics of accessibility using the time cost distance method and the standard deviational ellipse. Subsequently, it constructs a set of tourism demand indicators and employs the coupling coordination model and Markov chain method to evaluate the spatial coupling coordination between accessibility of tourist attractions and tourism demand. The results show a significant improvement in accessibility of tourist attractions from 2015 to 2024, with average travel time to tourist attractions at the county level decreasing from 65 to 41 minutes, and the proportion of areas reachable within 60 minutes rising from 62.5% to 92.3%. However, spatial disparities persist, particularly exhibiting persistent low accessibility in mountainous and peripheral areas. The coupling coordination levels between the accessibility of tourist attractions and tourism demand remained generally stable, with most counties classified into the moderate and high coordination categories. Spatial Markov analysis indicates that neighboring regions exert strong spatial spillover effects, influencing both the direction and magnitude of coordination level transitions. Notably, leap-level transitions were rare, while adjacent-level shifts dominated the dynamics. These findings underscore the importance of spatial context and infrastructure in shaping the interaction between tourism supply and demand. This study provides empirical evidence to support spatially differentiated planning and transportation investment strategies aimed at promoting balanced tourism development.旅游景区作为旅游产品供给的核心组成部分，对区域旅游业发展具有至关重要的支撑作用。探究旅游景区供需的空间关联机制，有助于优化区域旅游空间结构，推动旅游业实现高质量、均衡化与协同化发展。本研究以安徽省高等级旅游景区为研究对象，首先采用时间成本距离法与标准偏差椭圆（Standard Deviational Ellipse）法分析景区可达性特征；随后构建一套旅游需求指标体系，借助耦合协调模型（Coupling Coordination Model）与马尔可夫链（Markov Chain）方法，评估旅游景区可达性与旅游需求之间的空间耦合协调关系。研究结果显示，2015至2024年间安徽省旅游景区可达性得到显著提升：县域层面景区平均通行时间从65分钟降至41分钟，60分钟可达区域占比从62.5%提升至92.3%。但区域空间差异仍客观存在，山地与边缘偏远地区的可达性偏低问题尤为突出。旅游景区可达性与旅游需求间的耦合协调水平整体保持稳定，多数县域处于中度协调及以上协调等级。空间马尔可夫分析结果表明，邻近区域存在显著的空间溢出效应，会对协调等级的跃迁方向与幅度产生影响。值得注意的是，跨等级跃迁现象较为罕见，相邻等级间的小幅跃迁主导了协调水平的动态演化过程。上述研究结果凸显了空间背景与基础设施建设在优化旅游供需互动中的重要意义。本研究为制定差异化空间规划与交通投资策略、推动旅游业均衡发展提供了坚实的实证依据。