Alignment data (Phylogenetic diversity and morphological characterization of cordycipitaceous species in Taiwan)

Species classified in <i>Cordycipitaceae</i> (<i>Hypocreales</i>) include multiple entomopathogenic fungi. Numerous changes have recently occurred in the nomenclature of cordycipitaceous fungi due to the single naming system proposed for pleomorphic fungi in 2011 based on multigene phylogenies. Species of <i>Cordycipitaceae</i> are also widely applied as herbal medicines, especially in Asian cultures. However, the diversity of <i>Cordycipitaceae</i> in Taiwan is based on relatively few records in the literature. Here we conducted a comprehensive survey of this family throughout the island of Taiwan and provided a glimpse of the diversity and distribution patterns. In addition, the present study reassesses the generic and species boundaries of <i>Cordycipitaceae</i> and finally provides an updated phylogenic overview of <i>Cordyceps</i> and allied genera. Phylogenetic reconstructions using combined ITS, nrLSU, <i>tef</i>1-α, <i>rpb</i>1, and <i>rpb</i>2 sequence data, along with morphological features, resulted in ten novel species:<b><i> </i></b><i>Akanthomyces taiwanicus </i><i>sp. nov.</i>,<b><i> </i></b><i>Blackwellomyces taiwanensis</i> <i>sp. nov.</i>, <i>Cordyceps hehuanensis sp. nov</i><i>.</i>, <i>C</i>.<i> locastrae</i><i> sp. nov.</i>, <i>C</i>.<i> malleiformis</i><i> sp. nov.</i>, <i>C</i>.<i> pseudorosea</i><i> sp. nov.</i>, <i>C</i>.<i> siangyangensis </i><i>sp. nov.</i>, <i>Samsoniella lasiocampidarum sp. nov.</i>, <i>S</i>.<i> yuanzuiensis sp. nov.</i>, and <i>Simplicillium salviniae </i><i>sp. nov.</i>; and nine new records for Taiwan: <i>A</i>.<i> kanyawimiae</i>, <i>A</i>.<i> muscarius</i>, <i>S</i>.<i> cardinalis</i>, <i>S</i>.<i> hepiali</i>, <i>B</i>.<i> lii</i>, <i>B</i>.<i> medogensis</i>, <i>C</i>.<i> lepidopterorum</i>, <i>C</i>.<i> neopruinosa</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Si</i>.<i> chinense</i>.<i> </i>Furthermore, we provided DNA sequence data of the ex-type strains of <i>C. ninchukispora </i>for the first time and determined the species limits of the taxon. In addition, the present study proposed to synonymize <i>B. staphylinidicola</i> and <i>C. jakajanicola</i> under <i>B. bassiana</i> and <i>C. lepidopterorum</i>, respectively. Moreover, three species, <i>C. roseostromata, C. kyushuensis</i>, and <i>C. shuifuensis</i>, that clustered within the species clade of <i>C. militaris</i> are proposed to be synonymized under the latter taxon. To maintain the monophyly of <i>Cordyceps</i>, we propose to classify <i>P</i><i>arahevansia koratensis</i> in <i>Cordyceps</i>, which makes the genus <i>P</i><i>arahevansia</i> obsolete.

<i>虫草菌科（Cordycipitaceae，肉座菌目（Hypocreales））</i>下的分类类群包含多种虫生真菌。近年来，基于2011年提出的多基因系统发育多型真菌单一命名系统，虫草菌科真菌的命名体系发生了诸多变更。

<i>虫草菌科</i>类群亦被广泛用作药用真菌，在亚洲文化中应用尤为普遍。然而，目前台湾地区关于<i>虫草菌科</i>的文献记录相对匮乏。本研究对台湾全岛范围内的该科真菌开展了全面调查，初步揭示了其物种多样性与分布格局。

此外，本研究重新评估了<i>虫草菌科</i>的属级与种级分类界限，并最终更新了<i>虫草属（Cordyceps）</i>及其近缘属的系统发育综述。

研究结合内转录间隔区（ITS）、核核糖体大亚基（nrLSU）、翻译延伸因子1-α（<i>tef</i>1-α）、RNA聚合酶II大亚基1（<i>rpb</i>1）及RNA聚合酶II大亚基2（<i>rpb</i>2）的序列数据，并辅以形态学特征进行系统发育重建，共发现10个新种：<i>台湾刺束梗孢（Akanthomyces taiwanicus sp. nov.）</i>、<i>台湾布莱克韦尔霉（Blackwellomyces taiwanensis sp. nov.）</i>、<i>合欢山虫草（Cordyceps hehuanensis sp. nov.）</i>、<i>野螟虫草（C. locastrae sp. nov.）</i>、<i>锤形虫草（C. malleiformis sp. nov.）</i>、<i>假玫瑰虫草（C. pseudorosea sp. nov.）</i>、<i>向阳虫草（C. siangyangensis sp. nov.）</i>、<i>枯叶蛾萨姆森霉（Samsoniella lasiocampidarum sp. nov.）</i>、<i>圆嘴萨姆森霉（S. yuanzuiensis sp. nov.）</i>及<i>槐叶苹简束孢（Simplicillium salviniae sp. nov.）</i>；另有9个台湾地区新记录种：<i>坎亚威姆刺束梗孢（A. kanyawimiae）</i>、<i>蝇生刺束梗孢（A. muscarius）</i>、<i>红座萨姆森霉（S. cardinalis）</i>、<i>蝙蝠蛾萨姆森霉（S. hepiali）</i>、<i>李氏布莱克韦尔霉（B. lii）</i>、<i>墨脱布莱克韦尔霉（B. medogensis）</i>、<i>鳞翅虫草（C. lepidopterorum）</i>、<i>新霜虫草（C. neopruinosa）</i>及<i>中华简束孢（Si. chinense）</i>。

此外，本研究首次公布了<i>C. ninchukispora</i>模式菌株的DNA序列数据，并明确了该类群的物种界定范围。

本研究还提议将<i>B. staphylinidicola</i>与<i>C. jakajanicola</i>分别归为<i>B. bassiana</i>与<i>C. lepidopterorum</i>的同物异名。此外，3个聚类于蛹虫草（<i>C. militaris</i>）物种支系内的类群——<i>红座虫草（C. roseostromata）</i>、<i>九州虫草（C. kyushuensis）</i>及<i>水富虫草（C. shuifuensis）</i>，亦被提议归为蛹虫草的同物异名。

为维持<i>虫草属（Cordyceps）</i>的单系性，本研究提议将<i>Parahevansia koratensis</i>归入<i>虫草属</i>，由此使<i>帕拉赫万斯亚属（Parahevansia）</i>成为废弃属。