Supplementary information files for Alterations in shoulder kinematics are associated with shoulder pain during wheelchair propulsion sprints

Supplementary information files for article Alterations in shoulder kinematics are associated with shoulder pain during wheelchair propulsion sprints The study purpose was to examine the biomechanical characteristics of sports wheelchair propulsion and determine biomechanical associations with shoulder pain in wheelchair athletes. Twenty wheelchair court-sport athletes (age: 32±11 years old) performed one submaximal propulsion trial in their sports-specific wheelchair at 1.67m.s-1 for three minutes and two 10-second sprints on a dual-roller ergometer. The Performance Corrected Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain Index (PC-WUSPI) assessed shoulder pain. During the acceleration phase of wheelchair sprinting, participants propelled with significantly longer push times, larger forces and thorax flexion range of motion (ROM) than both the maximal velocity phase of sprinting and submaximal propulsion. Participants displayed significantly greater peak glenohumeral abduction and scapular internal rotation during the acceleration phase (20 ± 9° and 45 ± 7°) and maximal velocity phase (14 ± 4° and 44 ± 7°) of sprinting, compared to submaximal propulsion (12 ± 6° and 39 ± 8°). Greater shoulder pain severity was associated with larger glenohumeral abduction ROM (r = 0.59, P = 0.007) and scapular internal rotation ROM (r = 0.53, P = 0.017) during the acceleration phase of wheelchair sprinting, but with lower peak glenohumeral flexion (r = -0.49, P = 0.030), peak abduction (r = -0.48, P =0.034) and abduction ROM (r = -0.44, P = 0.049) during the maximal velocity phase. Biomechanical characteristics of wheelchair sprinting suggest this activity imposes greater mechanical stress than submaximal propulsion. Kinematic associations with shoulder pain during acceleration are in shoulder orientations linked to a reduced subacromial space, potentially increasing tissue stress.论文《轮椅冲刺推进时肩部运动学改变与肩部疼痛的关联》补充信息文件 本研究旨在探究运动轮椅推进的生物力学特征，并明确轮椅运动员肩部疼痛与相关生物力学指标的关联。 20名轮椅球类项目运动员（年龄：32±11岁）在其专项运动轮椅上，以1.67m·s⁻¹的速度完成3分钟的亚最大强度推进测试，随后在双滚轮测力测功仪上完成两次10秒冲刺测试。 采用性能校正版轮椅使用者肩部疼痛指数（Performance Corrected Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain Index, PC-WUSPI）评估受试者的肩部疼痛情况。 在轮椅冲刺的加速阶段，受试者的单次推进时长、推进力以及胸廓屈曲活动度（range of motion, ROM）均显著高于冲刺最大速度阶段与亚最大强度推进阶段。 与亚最大强度推进阶段（12±6°、39±8°）相比，受试者在冲刺加速阶段（20±9°、45±7°）与最大速度阶段（14±4°、44±7°）的盂肱关节外展峰值与肩胛骨内旋峰值均显著更高。 在轮椅冲刺加速阶段，肩部疼痛程度越严重，受试者的盂肱关节外展活动度（r=0.59，P=0.007）与肩胛骨内旋活动度（r=0.53，P=0.017）越大；而在冲刺最大速度阶段，肩部疼痛程度越严重，盂肱关节屈曲峰值（r=-0.49，P=0.030）、外展峰值（r=-0.48，P=0.034）与外展活动度（r=-0.44，P=0.049）反而越小。 轮椅冲刺的生物力学特征表明，该运动相较于亚最大强度推进，施加的机械负荷更大。冲刺加速阶段肩部疼痛与运动学指标的关联，源于肩部姿态导致肩峰下间隙缩小，可能会增加软组织所受的应力。