DataSheet1_Small-volume monogenetic igneous landforms and edifices statistics (SMILES): A catalog of representative mafic volcanic landforms to enable quantitative remote identification.xlsx

Accurate classification of terrestrial and non-terrestrial volcanic landforms requires a robust suite of morphometric parameters. The Small-volume Monogenetic Igneous Landforms and Edifices Statistics (SMILES) catalog contains the morphometric characterizations of mafic small-volume volcanic landforms and was created using uncrewed aerial system photogrammetry, open-source LiDAR, and digital elevation model repositories. This study analyzed 20 simple maars, 22 lava collapse features, 24 ring scoria cones, and 24 spatter landforms (fissure and point source spatter ramparts), using high-resolution (<0.1–5 m/pixel) digital elevation models to establish what dimensionless morphometric parameters enable remote identification of the studied landforms. Parameters include isoperimetric circularity, depth ratio (crater depth/major chord), interior slope angles, as well as crater to base ratios for the area, perimeter, and major chord lengths. Landforms were limited to a basal width of <2 km and <1 km3 for scoria cones and spatter landforms, and a major chord of 2 km or less for lava collapse features and maars. Simple maars have an aspect ratio (AR) (>0.74), isoperimetric circularity (IC) (>0.90), interior slope angle (<47°), and depth ratio (<0.26) creating a distinct range of morphometric parameters. Lava collapse features exhibit wider variability in AR (0.26–0.95), IC (0.46–0.98), interior slope angle (up to 16–86°), and depth ratio (0.25–0.52). Scoria cone craters have a distinct range of AR (>0.54), IC (>0.81), interior slope angle (<34°), and lower depth ratio (<0.25). Spatter landforms have a wider range of variability in AR (0.25–0.94), IC (0.43–0.98), interior slope angle (<63°), and depth ratio (0.04–0.37). Scoria cones have lower crater/base area ratios and lower crater/base perimeter ratios than spatter landforms. This study demonstrates that while an individual parameter is not diagnostic for recognizing small-volume mafic volcanic landforms remotely, a suite of parameters is. The SMILES catalog demonstrates the value of evaluating populations of similar landforms using higher-resolution datasets to establish diagnostic suites of dimensionless parameters, to enable accurate and positive remote identification of volcanic landforms. The technique used in this study can be applied to other volcanic and non-volcanic landforms on Earth, as well as non-terrestrial targets.

精准分类地球与地外火山地貌，需要一套完备的形态计量参数集。小体积单成因火成地貌与构造统计（Small-volume Monogenetic Igneous Landforms and Edifices Statistics, SMILES）数据库收录了基性小体积火山地貌的形态计量特征，其构建依托无人机航空系统摄影测量、开源激光雷达（LiDAR）及数字高程模型（digital elevation model, DEM）开源库。本研究借助分辨率达0.1~5米/像素的高分辨率数字高程模型，对20处简单玛珥（maar）、22处熔岩塌陷构造、24处环状熔渣锥及24处喷溅地貌（含裂隙型与点源型喷溅壁垒）展开分析，旨在确定可实现研究地貌遥感识别的无量纲形态计量参数。本次分析采用的参数包括等周圆度、深度比（火山口深度/主弦长）、内部坡角，以及面积、周长与主弦长维度下的火山口-基底比值。本研究纳入的地貌均设置尺寸限制：熔渣锥与喷溅地貌的基底宽度小于2千米、体积小于1立方千米；熔岩塌陷构造与玛珥的主弦长不超过2千米。简单玛珥的长宽比（aspect ratio, AR）大于0.74、等周圆度（isoperimetric circularity, IC）大于0.90、内部坡角小于47°且深度比小于0.26，其形态计量参数区间特征鲜明。熔岩塌陷构造的AR（0.26~0.95）、IC（0.46~0.98）、内部坡角（16°~86°）及深度比（0.25~0.52）均表现出更宽泛的变异性。熔渣锥火山口的AR大于0.54、IC大于0.81、内部坡角小于34°，且深度比更低（小于0.25），参数区间特征鲜明。喷溅地貌的AR（0.25~0.94）、IC（0.43~0.98）、内部坡角小于63°，以及深度比（0.04~0.37）同样具有较宽的变异性区间。相较于喷溅地貌，熔渣锥的火山口/基底面积比与火山口/基底周长比均更低。本研究证明，尽管单一参数无法实现小体积基性火山地貌的遥感识别，但多参数组合可达成该目标。SMILES数据库验证了利用高分辨率数据集开展同类地貌群体分析的价值：通过构建具备诊断性的无量纲参数集，可实现火山地貌的精准、可靠遥感识别。本研究采用的方法可推广至地球其他火山与非火山地貌，以及地外目标的相关分析中。