Table_1_Importance of Seasonal Variation in Hawaiian Mushroom (Agaricomycetes) Basidiomata Production for Biodiversity Discovery and Conservation.XLSX

The Hawaiian Islands have a relatively well-known funga for a tropical location, yet there are over 400 species of mushrooms (Agaricomycetes) in the archipelago that remain to be documented. Importantly, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recently evaluated six mushrooms endemic to the islands as threatened with extinction. To improve detection of mushrooms for biodiversity discovery and better monitor threatened species in the archipelago—where many localities lack strong annual precipitation patterns associated with an obvious season for increased mushroom basidiomata production—we examined the phenology of Hawaiian mushrooms. Monthly richness was determined from a literature review and abundance from online data repositories. Phenological patterns were separately explored for native species and differing elevation and annual precipitation categories. Despite relatively consistent monthly temperatures and areas with regular monthly rainfall, we found Hawaiian mushrooms generally exhibit uneven temporal patterns in basidiomata production: richness and abundance are generally highest in January and lowest from February to April, then usually increase from May to July and remain at elevated levels through December. This pattern does not occur when considering native species richness only, nor when examining abundance data stratified by elevation and annual rainfall categories. Increased monthly basidiomata abundance in low elevation (<1,000 m), dry (<1,000 mm rainfall/year) locations on O‘ahu and low, mesic (1,000–2,500 mm rainfall/year) locations on O‘ahu and Kaua‘i are positively correlated with increased monthly rainfall. Phenology of macrofungal sporocarp production should potentially be included in species threat assessments by the IUCN to increase detection via traditional surveying methods.

作为热带区域，夏威夷群岛的真菌区系相对为人熟知，但该群岛仍有超过400种伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）蘑菇物种尚未被记录归档。尤为重要的是，国际自然保护联盟（International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN）近期将该群岛特有的6种蘑菇评估为受灭绝威胁物种。为提升该群岛内蘑菇的检出效率以助力生物多样性发现，并更好地监测受威胁物种——由于该群岛诸多区域缺乏与蘑菇担子果（basidiomata）产量显著提升的明显季节相关的强年度降水模式——我们开展了夏威夷蘑菇物候学研究。我们通过文献综述确定了月度物种丰富度，并通过在线数据仓库获取了物种丰度数据。我们分别针对本土物种、不同海拔及年度降水等级的类群，探究了其物候模式。尽管夏威夷群岛月度温度相对稳定，且部分区域月度降水规律，但我们发现夏威夷蘑菇的担子果生产整体呈现不均一的时间模式：物种丰富度与丰度通常在1月达到峰值，2月至4月处于低位，随后通常从5月至7月逐步回升，并在12月前维持较高水平。若仅统计本土物种的丰富度，或按海拔与年度降水等级分层分析丰度数据时，则不会出现该整体模式。在瓦胡岛低海拔（<1000米）、干旱（年均降水量<1000毫米）区域，以及瓦胡岛与考艾岛的低海拔、中生境（年均降水量1000-2500毫米）区域，月度担子果丰度的提升与月度降水量增加呈正相关。国际自然保护联盟（International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN）在开展物种受威胁等级评估时，可考虑将大型真菌子实体（macrofungal sporocarp）生产的物候信息纳入其中，以通过传统调查方法提升物种检出率。