Data_Sheet_2_Daily-Life Social Experiences as a Potential Mediator of the Relationship Between Parenting and Psychopathology in Adolescence.docx

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for psychopathology development, and certain parenting styles are consistent and robust predictors of a broad range of mental health outcomes. The mechanisms through which maladaptive parenting styles affect the development of psychopathology are assumed to be largely social in nature. Yet, the social mechanisms linking parenting to psychopathology are unexplored at arguably the most important level of functioning: daily life. This study aims to identify the associations between three parenting styles, and the experience of daily-life social interactions. Furthermore, we aim to explore the extent to which these parenting styles and altered daily-life social experiences are associated with psychopathology. In this study, we recruited a sample of N = 1,913 adolescents (63.3% girls; mean age = 13.7, age range = 11 to 20) as part of the first wave of the longitudinal cohort study “SIGMA”. Parenting styles (psychological control, responsiveness, and autonomy support) and psychopathology symptoms were assessed using a retrospective questionnaire battery. The experienced quality of social interactions in different types of company was assessed using the experience sampling method, ten times per day for 6 days. Direct associations between parenting styles and general quality of daily-life social experiences were tested using a three-level linear model, revealing significant associations between social experiences and different parenting styles. When interaction effects were added to this model, we found that maternal responsiveness and paternal psychological control mainly related to altered qualities of social interactions with parents, while paternal autonomy support was associated with better experiences of non-family social interactions. Finally, an exploratory path analysis highlighted how both paternal autonomy support and altered quality of non-family interactions are uniquely associated with psychopathology levels. These findings demonstrate the general and pervasive effects of maladaptive parenting styles, as parenting seems to broadly affect adolescents' interactions with different types of social partners in everyday life. Moreover, they illustrate a potential mediated relationship in which altered daily-life social interactions could drive the development of psychopathology. A stronger focus may be required on the role of altered day-to-day social experiences in the prevention and potentially, the treatment, of adolescent psychopathology.

青少年期是心理病理（psychopathology）发生发展的易感阶段，特定教养方式（parenting styles）可作为稳定且强有力的预测因子，关联广泛的心理健康结局。现有研究认为，适应不良型教养方式影响心理病理发生的核心机制多具有社会性本质。然而，联结教养方式与心理病理的社会性机制，在可被视为最为关键的功能水平层面——日常生活场景中，仍未得到充分探索。本研究旨在明确三种教养方式与个体日常生活社交互动体验间的关联，并进一步探究上述教养方式以及发生改变的日常生活社交体验，分别在多大程度上与心理病理症状相关联。本研究作为纵向队列研究「SIGMA」第一波次的组成部分，共招募1913名青少年作为研究样本（女性占比63.3%，平均年龄13.7岁，年龄跨度为11至20岁）。研究采用回顾性成套问卷，对教养方式（含心理控制、回应性与自主性支持三个维度）以及心理病理症状进行评估；同时采用经验取样法（Experience Sampling Method），在6天内每日对受试者进行10次采样，以评估其在不同社交陪伴场景下的社交互动体验质量。本研究通过三水平线性模型，检验了教养方式与日常生活社交体验总体质量间的直接关联，结果显示社交体验与不同教养方式间存在显著关联。当在模型中加入交互效应后，研究发现母亲的教养回应性与父亲的心理控制，主要与青少年与父母间的社交互动质量改变相关；而父亲的自主性支持则与非家庭社交互动的更佳体验呈正相关。最后，探索性路径分析结果揭示：父亲的自主性支持以及非家庭社交互动质量的改变，均各自与心理病理症状严重程度存在独立关联。本研究结果证实了适应不良型教养方式具有广泛且普适性的影响——教养方式似乎会从整体上影响青少年在日常生活中与各类社交伙伴的互动质量。此外，本研究还揭示了一条潜在的中介路径：日常生活社交体验的改变，可能会推动心理病理的发生发展。未来研究或应更加关注日常社交体验的改变在青少年心理病理的预防乃至治疗中所发挥的作用。