Ditched and walled enclosures in Prehistoric Iberia (4th-3rd millennia cal. BCE): Like oil and water_Jiménez-Jáimez et al._Supplementary Data

Iberian Copper Age “ditched” and “walled” enclosure sites are often thought to represent two clearly distinguishable groups of sites. However, the discovery of sites where both ditches and walls are present (“mixed sites”) complicates things. There are good reasons to question whether the aforementioned dichotomy is real, or if, instead, it is largely an artifact of research, resulting from a combination of poorly preserved archaeological contexts and inadequate survey strategies and methods which missed the potential integration of both building techniques at the same sites. This paper will address this problem from a Pan-Iberian perspective, as we will compare type-sites across multiple Iberian regions. We shall formulate and test seven relevant hypotheses by undertaking multiple comparative analyses at various scales on top of a purpose-built database including 345 sites. Among others, we will address questions such as: How frequent or rare are mixed sites? Is the perceived duality of the archaeological record (ditched versus walled) a by-product of preservation issues or the differential availability of certain building materials? Did walled and ditched enclosures really coexist in space and time? We conclude that: (a) Chalcolithic Iberian enclosures are markedly dichotomous (ditched vs walled); (b) “mixed” sites are rare exceptions rather than the rule; (c) walled and ditched enclosures show important differences in key features (topographic setting, geographical distribution); (d) such differences cannot be solely attributed to geological factors. The paper will end with a discussion of possible explanations for this dichotomy.

伊比利亚铜器时代的"带壕沟围址（ditched enclosure）"与"带围墙围址（walled enclosure）"通常被认为是两类界限分明的遗址群。然而，同时发现壕沟与围墙的遗址（混合型围址（mixed sites））却让这一认知变得复杂。我们有充分理由质疑上述二分法是否真实存在；抑或，它本质上是研究造成的假象——源于考古遗存保存状况不佳、调查策略与方法存在缺陷，导致未能识别出同一遗址同时运用两种营造技术的可能性。本文将以泛伊比利亚视角（Pan-Iberian）切入该问题，对伊比利亚多个区域的典型遗址（type-sites）展开比较分析。我们将依托包含345处遗址的专门构建数据库，通过多尺度的比较分析，构建并验证7项相关假说。此外，我们还将探讨以下问题：混合型围址的占比究竟如何？考古记录中感知到的二分性（带壕沟围址vs带围墙围址）是否源于遗存保存问题，或是特定建筑材料的可获取性差异？带围墙围址与带壕沟围址是否真的在时空维度上共存？本研究得出以下结论：（a）伊比利亚铜石并用时代（Chalcolithic）的围址呈现出显著的二分性（带壕沟围址与带围墙围址）；（b）混合型围址仅为罕见特例，而非普遍现象；（c）带围墙围址与带壕沟围址在核心特征（地形环境、地理分布）上存在显著差异；（d）上述差异不能仅归因于地质因素。本文最后将探讨该二分性的可能成因。