What a difference a workplace makes. A scientometric analysis on the relationship between job crafting and healthy organizations' factors

Introduction: The transformations that have affected the labour market in recent years have required companies to adapt to fast changes and to keep the pace of global competition. Consequently, workers have been confronted with multiple challenging demands: they have been required to develop flexibility in their jobs and to work faster and better, often with evident costs in terms of performance and their workplace well-being. Given these evidences, as also shown by some of the most recent developments in the field of Positive Work and Organizational Psychology, healthy organizations are those organizations that could resist to these challenges, because they engage in creating an environment that can promote employees' health and safety, maximising performance. Yet, healthy organizations support positive organizational behaviors through a coherent culture, a positive climate, and good practices. Healthy organizations might also create the conditions to encourage workers to perform job crafting behaviors, meant as proactive individual behaviours aimed at modifying job demands in order to adjust them to personal needs, motivations and talents, thus maximising well-being and performance. Objective: The aim of the study was to overview the state of the art of the debate about the relationship between job crafting and healthy organizations' factors by performing a scientometric analysis of job crafting. Therefore, the study was aimed to emphasize performances of countries, journals and authors, highlighting the dominant perspectives on the topic. Method: The starting point of the analysis was data recovery from the Scopus database using the term "job crafting" as search criterion within the title, abstract or keywords of the documents retrieved. The analysis was carried out with two softwares, R and VOSviewer, in order to investigate the growth of interest on the topic over the years, the scientific production of countries, journals and authors, the social structure of collaborative network, and the network of keywords. Results: 375 documents about job crafting were retrieved, showing a growing number of publications in recent years, with a preponderance of productions and citations in USA and Netherlands (where the construct was proposed and validated). Cluster analysis performed on the most frequently used keywords showed three main groups, each of them theoretical linked to workplace health: stimulus factors; Job Demands-Resources Model; health dimensions. Discussion: The present bibliometric analysis showed an increasing scientific interest toward job crafting and the importance of specific papers (that opened the two main perspective about it) for the whole research line. Through the cluster analysis of keywords network, it was underlined the relevance of constructs that promote healthy organizations in the scientific production on job crafting.

引言：近年来影响劳动力市场的变革要求企业适应快速变化，跟上全球竞争的步伐。由此，劳动者面临多重挑战性要求：需在工作中提升灵活性，并以更快、更优的标准完成任务，这往往会在绩效与职场福祉层面付出显著代价。
结合积极工作与组织心理学（Positive Work and Organizational Psychology）领域的最新研究进展来看，健康型组织（healthy organizations）是能够抵御此类挑战的组织——它们致力于打造可促进员工健康与安全、最大化绩效的工作环境。健康型组织还会通过统一的组织文化、积极的工作氛围与完善的实践机制，支撑正向组织行为。此外，健康型组织还可能创造条件，鼓励劳动者开展工作重塑（job crafting）行为：即旨在调整工作要求以适配个人需求、动机与天赋的主动个体行为，从而最大化福祉与绩效。
研究目标：本研究旨在通过对工作重塑开展科学计量分析，综述有关工作重塑与健康型组织要素之间关系的学术辩论前沿进展。同时，本研究旨在凸显各国、期刊与作者的研究产出情况，并点明该主题的主流研究视角。
研究方法：本分析的起始步骤为从Scopus数据库中检索数据，检索标准为在检索文献的标题、摘要或关键词中包含术语“job crafting”。本次分析使用了R与VOSviewer两款软件，以探究该主题的研究关注度随时间的增长趋势、各国、期刊与作者的科研产出、合作网络的社会结构以及关键词共现网络。
研究结果：本次检索共获取375篇与工作重塑相关的文献，结果显示近年来相关出版物数量持续增长，且美国与荷兰（该概念的提出与验证国）的研究产出与被引量占据主导地位。对高频关键词开展的聚类分析显示出三大主要群组，且每个群组均与职场健康存在理论关联：刺激因素、工作需求-资源模型（Job Demands-Resources Model）以及健康维度。
讨论：本次文献计量分析显示，学界对工作重塑的研究关注度持续上升，且部分开创性文献（为该领域确立了两大核心研究视角）对整个研究脉络具有重要意义。通过对关键词网络的聚类分析，本研究凸显了在工作重塑相关科研产出中，助力健康型组织构建的各类构念的重要性。