Table S1: Overview of vertebrate genome assemblies as available in December 2020. from A brief review of vertebrate sex evolution with a pledge for integrative research: towards ‘sexomics’

Triggers and biological processes controlling male or female gonadal differentiation vary in vertebrates, with sex determination governed by environmental factors or simple to complex genetic mechanisms that evolved repeatedly and independently in various groups. Here, we review sex evolution across major clades of vertebrates with information on sex determination, sexual development and reproductive modes. We offer an up-to-date review of divergence times, species diversity, genomic resources, genome size, occurrence and nature of polyploids, sex determination systems, sex chromosomes, sex-determining genes, dosage compensation and sex-biased gene expression. Advances in sequencing technologies now enable us to study the evolution of sex determination at broader evolutionary scales, and we now hope to pursue a sexomics integrative research initiative across vertebrates. The vertebrate sexome comprises interdisciplinary and integrated information on sexual differentiation, development and reproduction at all biological levels, from genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes, to the organs involved in sexual and sex-specific processes, including gonads, secondary sex organs and those with transcriptional sex-bias. The sexome also includes ontogenetic and behavioural aspects of sexual differentiation, including malfunction and impairment of sex determination, sexual differentiation and fertility. Starting from data generated by high-throughput approaches, we encourage others to contribute expertise to building understanding of the sexomes of many key vertebrate species.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part I)’.

调控脊椎动物雌雄性腺分化的触发因子与生物学过程存在显著差异，性别决定可由环境因素或从简单到复杂的遗传机制调控，且此类机制在不同类群中多次独立演化。本文基于性别决定、性发育及生殖模式的相关信息，综述了脊椎动物主要演化支的性别演化研究进展。我们撰写了一篇涵盖多方面内容的最新综述，包括分化时间、物种多样性、基因组资源、基因组大小、多倍体的发生与特征、性别决定系统、性染色体、性别决定基因、剂量补偿效应以及性别偏倚基因表达。测序技术的进步使得我们能够在更广阔的演化尺度上开展性别决定演化研究，为此我们倡议发起一项覆盖脊椎动物的整合性“性别组学（sexomics）”研究计划。脊椎动物“性别组（sexome）”涵盖了所有生物学层级上与性别分化、发育及生殖相关的跨学科整合信息，其范畴从基因组、转录组、蛋白质组，延伸至参与性别及性别特异性过程的各类器官——包括性腺、次生性器官以及存在转录水平性别偏倚的器官。此外，性别组还包含性别分化的个体发育与行为学维度，涵盖性别决定、性别分化及生殖能力异常与损伤等相关内容。本综述基于高通量技术产生的研究数据，我们呼吁相关领域学者贡献其专业知识，以推动对诸多关键脊椎动物类群性别组的认知构建。本文属于主题刊《挑战性染色体演化范式：以脊椎动物为核心的实证与理论研究（第一部分）》的组成部分。