Data from: Phylogenetic divergences of the true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the aquatic lineages: the last piece of the aquatic insect jigsaw originated in the Late Permian/Early Triassic

Heteroptera are among the most diverse hemimetabolous insects. Seven infraorders have been recognized within this suborder of Hemiptera. Apart from the well-established sister-group relationship between Cimicomorpha and Pentatomomorpha (= Terheteroptera), the two terminal lineages, the relationships among the other five infraorders are still controversial, of which three (Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha and Leptopodomorpha) are intimately connected to aquatic environments. However, the various and often conflicting available phylogeny hypotheses do not offer a clear background for a connection between diversification and palaeoenvironments. In this study, a molecular data set representing 79 taxa and 10 149 homologous sites is used to infer the phylogenetic relationships within Heteroptera. Bayesian inference, maximum-likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses were employed. The results of phylogenetic inferences largely confirm the widely accepted phylogenetic context. Estimation of the divergence time based on the phylogenetic results revealed that Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha and Leptopodomorpha originated successively during the period from the Late Permian to Early Triassic (269–246 Ma). This timescale is consistent with the origin and radiation time of various aquatic holometabolans. Our results indicate that the aquatic and semi-aquatic true bugs evolved under environmental conditions of high air temperature and humidity in an evolutionary scenario similar to that of the aquatic holometabolans.

异翅亚目（Heteroptera）是物种多样性最高的半变态昆虫类群之一。在半翅目（Hemiptera）的该亚目下，目前已识别出7个下目（infraorders）。除已被广泛确认的姬蝽下目（Cimicomorpha）与蝽下目（Pentatomomorpha）构成姊妹群关系（二者即为终端演化支，合称真异翅类（Terheteroptera））之外，其余5个下目之间的系统发育关系仍存在争议。其中3个下目——黾蝽下目（Gerromorpha）、仰泳蝽下目（Nepomorpha）与细蝽下目（Leptopodomorpha）——与水生环境密切相关。然而，现有各类且往往相互矛盾的系统发育假说，尚未能为物种分化与古环境之间的关联提供清晰的理论依据。
本研究采用涵盖79个类群、10149个同源位点的分子数据集，对异翅亚目内部的系统发育关系进行推断；研究运用了贝叶斯推断（Bayesian inference）、最大似然法（maximum-likelihood）以及最大简约法（maximum parsimony）三种分析方法。系统发育推断结果在很大程度上验证了当前被广泛接受的系统发育框架。基于该系统发育结果估算的分化时间显示，黾蝽下目、仰泳蝽下目与细蝽下目依次起源于晚二叠世至早三叠世时期（269~246 Ma）。这一时间尺度与各类水生全变态昆虫的起源和辐射演化时间相吻合。本研究结果表明，水生与半水生蝽类是在高温高湿的环境条件下演化而来，其演化模式与水生全变态昆虫的演化场景相似。