The role of humans in the sustainability of marine ecosystems: A case study on the conservation of parrotfish and its ecological impact

Background: Life is supported by the ecology and natural resources that exist on earth. Continents and oceans are the two main natural resources that host life and ecosystems around the world. 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean waters that are rich in marine life. Although the oceans are vast, this does not mean that they are limitless. Population growth and development have led to an increase in the demand for marine resources. Increased demand and over-utilization of marine resources have led to strong pressures that have led to a decline in marine ecosystem services. Karimunjawa is famous for the natural beauty of its underwater coral reefs. Methods: This study employs a qualitative approach using literature and secondary data to examine the impact of parrotfish populations on coral reef sustainability. Findings: Based on current conditions, excessive catching of parrotfish has a negative impact on the sustainability of coral reefs in Karimunjawa National Park. It is necessary for local communities to understand the importance of the role of parrot fish for the sustainability of marine ecosystems. Parrotfish spend 90% of their time eating algae attached to coral reefs. Damage to the coral reef ecosystem causes coastal erosion in Karimunjawa National Park. Therefore, the role of the community in managing parrotfish resources is very necessary so as not to threaten the population for the sustainability of the marine ecosystem. Conclusion: The results of this research illustrate the role of humans, namely the community and tourists who come to Karimunjawa to carry out activities to preserve damaged coral reefs and create new coral reef areas. Novelty/Originality of this article: There are also government policies that must be considered and implemented properly for the sustainability of coral reef ecosystems and the conservation of parrotfish in Karimunjawa.

背景：生命依托地球现存的生态系统与自然资源得以存续。大陆与海洋是全球范围内支撑生命与生态系统的两大核心自然资源。地球表面75%的区域被富含海洋生物的海水所覆盖。尽管海洋幅员辽阔，但这并不意味着其资源取之不尽。人口增长与社会发展使得海洋资源需求持续攀升，需求增长与资源过度开发带来了巨大压力，进而导致海洋生态系统服务功能衰退。卡里马朱瓦（Karimunjawa）以其水下珊瑚礁的自然美景闻名于世。
方法：本研究采用质性研究方法，结合文献与二手数据，探究鹦嘴鱼种群对珊瑚礁可持续性的影响。
研究结果：基于当前现状，过度捕捞鹦嘴鱼对卡里马朱瓦国家公园的珊瑚礁可持续性造成了负面影响。当地社区亟需认识到鹦嘴鱼在维持海洋生态系统可持续性方面的重要作用。鹦嘴鱼会将90%的时间用于啃食附着于珊瑚礁上的藻类。珊瑚礁生态系统遭到破坏会引发卡里马朱瓦国家公园的海岸侵蚀问题。因此，社区在鹦嘴鱼资源管理中发挥的作用至关重要，唯有如此才能避免种群受到威胁，保障海洋生态系统的可持续性。
结论：本研究结果阐明了人类的作用，即当地社区与前往卡里马朱瓦开展活动的游客，共同参与受损珊瑚礁的修复工作，并打造新的珊瑚礁区域。
本文研究新意：本研究的创新之处还在于，需针对卡里马朱瓦的珊瑚礁生态系统可持续性与鹦嘴鱼种群保护，考量并妥善落实相关政府政策。