Basic data on the German transportation system‘s development: Stock of transport vehicles, services and capacities, accidents by mode of transport, expenses and investments as well as selected indices in an EU-wide comparison, 1950 - 2000

The development of the regional economy, of trade and therefore of prosperity is closely related to the available transport infrastructure. The transport sector ensures the mobility of people as well as the efficient exchange of goods and news so that the importance of geographical distances took more and more a backseat. In this process all sectors of traffic and information are of importance. This data compilation contains information about different aspects of traffic by the composition of selected time series from the Traffic Statistics of the Federal Republic of Germany. The compilation consists of a total of 1034 Time Series, which largely extend the period of the former FRG and of Germany in the borders of the 3rd October 1990 (reunification: Old German federal Länder and the new German Länder).
Concerning the stock of motorcars and of railway wagons data could be gathered for the period of the German Empire between 1870 and 1907. Caused by different classifications of the sources used for the data compilation the comparability of the time series may be limited in rare cases. In these cases, it is pointed out in the cell- and column-specific annotations.

The focus of the compilation is the functional aspect of traffic. Vehicle stocks, traffic routes and transport services of the transport modes are represented - with the exception of aviation. There are also data tables with information about Germany’s transport budget, the federal traffic expenditures, the investments in the transport system, and to the federal assets of transport facilities.

Stocks and registrations of motor vehicles are differentiated by type of vehicle, engine size class, and mode of driving. New car registrations are additionally listed by occupation of the holder.
Concerning to the railways companies, the stock of railway wagons, rail cars and railway engines, the number of railway stations, the railroad accesses to industrial companies and level crossings are gathered. For the inland navigation information about the number of ships by ship type, load capacity and average age of the ships is collected.

Information on transport and transport services by mode of transport for passenger and for freight transport are represented by transport services. Individual modes of transport are represented in separate tables again in detail and with further differentiation.
The transport volumes and transport performance of the freight transport for road and inland waterway is further broken down by product groups.

Traffic accidents are shown by mode of transport and the type of road use, whereas accidents of aviation, railways, and road traffic are represented in detail in separate tables, again. Caused by the comfortable data situation data on railroad traffic accidents are a clear focus of this chapter.

The data compilation is completed with selected indicators in the EU comparison.

The statistical topics in detail

Stocks of road and rail transport
The transport network and vehicle stocks are an important basis for the mobility of an economy. In particular, the motor vehicle traffic allows high individual mobility.
The road-, railway-, and waterway network, railroad accesses and railway stations as part of the transport system have been included in the data collection (Airfields, facilities for combined transport, transport telematics and the pipe network are areas that have not been considered in this study).

The Railway
In Germany state-owned rail companies and private rail companies are active.
Especially in the important commercial and industrial cities private stock companies were founded in the early years of Germany’s railway history with the aim to finance the creation of railway lines. In this compilation the railway inventory of length of railways, stock of wagons, railcars and rail engines are reported for both together, private and state-owned railway companies.
Time series to the length of the rail lines, stations, sidings, level crossings and the vehicle inventories, which breaks down in locomotives, railcars, passenger cars, baggage wagons and freight wagons, have been compiled for this compilation.
Information for all railway companies together at the time of the German Empire and the German railways at the time of the Federal Republic (the state-owned “Deutsche Bundesbahn” and the “non-state-owned railways”, i.e. private railways) are taken from the publications of the Federal Statistical Office: Bevölkerung und Wirtschaft 1872-1972, Kohlhammer Verlag: Stuttgart und Mainz, 1972. as well as the Yearbooks of the Federal Republik of Germany (Statistische Jahrbücher für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland).
The length of the rail lines are reported at the end of the respectively reported year and as property lines. The stock of railcar, rail engine, and wagon is as of the end of the year of operation. Until 1937 the property holdings of the railway companies are recorded. Then, the values refer to the operation inventory, that means, in the reported values borrowed stocks of other railway companies can be included.
The train has undergone fundamental technical changes. In the old federal states, the activity area of the German Federal Railways, all steam locomotives were replaced by diesel and electric locomotives successively until 1977. The rail route types were unified (complete dismantling of railway lines for narrow gauge railways). New wagon types and types of trains (InterCity, Trans Euro Express) were introduced. All of this cannot be traced in detail and in form of statistical series in the present study, because this would go beyond the time frame of the project.
With the aim to get data series as constant as possible, newly added railcar types or further differentiated wagon types that were listed separately in the statistics, so far as it was possible, were grouped into generic terms. Thus, from 1990 in the Statistical Yearbook for the Federal Republic of Germany the categories ‘Electric locomotives’, ‘diesel locomotives’, ‘Electric Railcar’ and ‘diesel multiple units’ are listed separately. These categories are outlined in one series presented under the generic term, railcars´.

Automobiles

In the early years of the automobile it had little meaning for the transport of goods. In the densely populated urban areas of Germany, which were well served by the railway and the tram, the first automobiles played a minor role to the economy and the transport of goods. In addition, high investment costs for the development of roads were needed, while the railways lines were already available in the German cities.
It was only in the 1920s, when the automobile in metropolitan areas was able to assert itself as a transport vehicle, while the passenger car was at that time still an expensive luxury item available only for a few wealthy people yet.
Today, the car is a necessary form of transport, enables people to participate in society - for example, the daily journey to work or the flexible and rapid transport of goods. Today, Germany has one of the longest road networks.
For this compilation at hand time series data of automobiles were collected for a total inventory of motor vehicles and motor vehicles broken down by types. Sources of the data are the various editions of the Statistical Yearbook for the Federal Republic of Germany. Furthermore, new registrations are reported by occupation of the owner, engine size and mode of drive. The publication ‘Tatsachen und Zahlen’ (facts and numbers), published by the Association of the Automobile Industry, was the source of the data collection of motor vehicles registration.

Transport and Transport services
In addition to the vehicle stock, the performance in the fields of passenger transport and freight transport is a major business and traffic factor. Firstly, the traffic performance can be expressed in absolute values, that is, the number of persons and the weight of goods transported. Statistically, the traffic performance is expressed using an index which has the dimension “PKM” (passenger kilometre) (= number of persons multiplied by kilometres, they were transported) for passenger transport and “TKM” (tone-kilometre) (number of tones multiplied by kilometres they were transported) for transport of goods. The product of the distance traveled and the quantity of transported goods or persons is the expense in transportation. These four variables are presented for the rail, road, and inland waterway transport.

Expenditures and Investments
Modern transport infrastructure is the basic condition for the competitiveness of a national economy. Investments preserves and develops the transport infrastructure. Therefore, for the Federal Republic of Germany time series data on of expenses for and investments in the infrastructure of the various modes of transport are compiled. In this case expenditures actually paid in the past budget year are listed. The expenditures on traffic are made for transport investments, traffic police and traffic management and they are covered by the federal government, the federal states and the municipalities, as well as from ERP Special Fund (=ERP-Sondervermögen; ERP stands for European Recovery Program) and the Compensation Fund (Lastenausgleichsfond). Gross fixed asset investment and permanent assets are monetary values describing the technical supply potential. The asset investments involves both investments for expansion and for rationalization as well as replacement and maintenance investments. According to the definition of national accounts, purchases of new and used equipment (net of sales) as well as the self-constructed installations are included in gross fixed capital formation. Equipment and installations are defined as durable goods, buildings, and vehicles, which are used for maintenance, expansion and improvement of the production facilities.
Additionally, the number of employed persons in each of the transport modes is reported in terms of expenditure on transport infrastructure. Gross fixed capital formation and the number of employed persons give an idea about the cost intensity of the individual traffic areas.
The gross permanent assets specifies the replacement value of the transportation facilities, whereas the net permanent assets measures the value of equipment installed at different times on a uniform price basis.
The values of the permanent assets and capital investments are calculated by the DIW’s fixed assets account (see the publication: Verkehr in Zahlen, DIW=Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung).

Traffic accidents
The development of the various modes of transportation leads to an enormous increase of mobility in economy and private transport. The other side of an entire society’s mobility are the accidents with property damage, injured and killed.
Goods are transported by road, rail, navigation or by aviation.
The reliability of a fast transportation of good arriving safely their destination has influence on the economic development of a region or a country.
Because of the accident frequency’s importance for economy and society in this compilation accidents are gathered by the modes of traffic rail, street, water and aviation, differentiated by nature of personal damage (killed and injured).
Road traffic accidents, however, is given a focus in this data compilation due to the particular frequency compared to the other modes.
Therefore, additionally the traffic accidents are listed here to the following points:
listing by the road categories, on which the accidents have taken place (highway, country road, inside or outside of towns); listing by type of traffic participation of the parties involved in the accident and by accident cause (caused by the driver’s behavior, by road conditions, etc.).
The Federal Statistical Office of Germany regularly publishes a special issue called Fachserie 8, No. 7, containing long rows of traffic accidents. On the basis of this publication, the data on the accidents frequency, injured and killed persons of accidents were gathered. Furthermore, the Statistical Yearbook of the Federal Republic of Germany, chapter ‘transport’, was used as data source. Especially for the operational accidents of railway the publication of Siegurt Klatt served as helpful source in addition: Siegurt Klatt: Die ökonomische Bedeutung der Qualität von Verkehrsleistungen. Berlin: Duncker&Humblot, S. 228 f.

Traffic-indices in EU-comparison

Selected variables such as the length of the rail and road network, inventory of vehicles, road traffic accidents and the transport capacity of the railway are represented as time series date in comparison with the countries of the European Union. The following countries are compared: Austria, Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Finland, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the UK. The publication of Michell was used as data source for the period until 1985 (Mitchell: International Historical Statistics - Europe 1750-1988, 3rd ed. 1992). The publication ‘Verkehr in Zahlen’, published by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing (Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen, BMVI) and processed by the German Institute for Economic Research in Berlin (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, DIW) was referred to as source for the period after 1985. Due to different calculation methods there may be discrepancies between the data processed by the DIW and the data series of official statistics.

Data tables in the online database histat (Topic: Verkehr)

The time series data of this study covers the following focus on the following specific topics:
• A. Bestände des Straßen-, Schienen- und Binnenschifffahrtsverkehrs
(A. Stocks of road, rail, and inland waterway transportation)

A.1.1 Bestand Kraftfahrzeuge
(Stock of motor vehicles)

- A.1.1.1 Bestand an Kraftfahrzeugen, Reichsgebiet (1907-1938)
(Stock of motor vehicles, German Empire)

- A.1.1.2 Bestand an Kraftfahrzeugen und Kraftfahrzeuganhänger
nach Fahrzeugarten (1936-2000)
(Stock of motor vehicles and their trailers)

- A.1.1.3 Bestand an Kraftfahrzeugen nach Antriebsart (1963-2000)
(Stock of motor vehicles by mode of driving)

- A.1.1.4 Bestand an Personen-Kraftfahrzeugen
nach Hubraumklasse (1950-2000)
(Stock of motor vehicles by cubic capacity)

A.1.2 Neu-Zulassungen Kraftfahrzeuge
(New registrations of motor vehicles)

- A.1.2.1 KFZ-Neu-Zulassungen nach Berufsgruppen (1950-1997)
(New registrations by the owners occupation)

- A.1.2.2 KFZ-Neu-Zulassungen der Personen-Kraftfahrzeuge
nach Hubraum (1950-1997)
(New registrations by cubic capacity)

- A.1.2.3 KFZ-Neu-Zulassungen nach Antriebsart (1963-1999)
(New registration by mode of driving)

A.1.3 Straßennetz
(road network)

- A.1.3.1 Länge der öffentlichen Straßen nach Straßenart (1951-2000)
(Length of public roads by road type)

A.1.4. Bevölkerung nach Alter und Kraftfahrzeuge pro 1000 Einwohner
(1960-2000)
(Population by age and motor vehicles per 1000 of population)

A.2 Eisenbahnen: Fahrzeugbestände und Streckenlängen
(Railways: Vehicle stocks and rail lengths)

- A.2.1 Eisenbahnen: Fahrzeugbestände und Streckenlängen,
Reichsgebiet (1870-1937)
(Railways: Vehicle stocks and rail lengths during the period of the German Empire)

- A.2.1.2 Eisenbahnen: Regionale Entwicklung des
Eisenbahnnetzes - Streckenlängen, Reichsgebiet (1839-1914)
(Regional development of rail lengths, German Empire)

- A.2.2 Eisenbahnen: Streckenlängen, Bahnhöfe, Anschlüsse und
Fahrzeugbestände, Bundesgebiet (1950-2000)
(Rail lengths, railway stations, rail connections, railroad crossings,
stocks of wagons, railway cars and railway engines)

A.3 Binnenschifffahrt: Schiffsbestände und Wasserstrassen
(Inland Waterways: Ship Stocks and waterways)

- A.3.1 Binnenschifffahrt: Länge schiffbarer Wasserstrassen (1872-2010)
(Lengths of navigable inland waterways)

- A.3.2 Binnenschiffe: Bestand, Tragfähigkeit und Altersstruktur
nach Schiffstypen (1872, 1969-2010).
(Stock, load capacity and age structure by ship types)

• B. Transport- und Beförderungsleistungen nach Verkehrszweigen
(Transport services by mode of traffic)

B.1 Güterverkehr nach Verkehrswegen und Gütergruppen (1954-2000)
(Freight traffic by traffic route and by categories of goods)

- B.1 Güterverkehr nach Verkehrswegen und Gütergruppen (1954-2000)

- B.1.1 Güterverkehr nach Verkehrszweigen, früheres Bundesgebiet, Deutschland (1954-2000)
(Freight traffic by mode of traffic, former FRG and Germany)

- B.1.2 Güterverkehr (Nah und Fern) im Straßenverkehr, früheres Bundesgebiet/Deutschland (1954-1997)
(Freight traffic on the road (long and short distance traffic), former FRG and Germany)

- B.1.2.1 Güterverkehr nach Gütergruppen im Straßenverkehr
(Freight traffic on the road by categories of goods)

- B.1.3 Güterfernverkehr im Eisenbahnverkehr (1950-1997)
(Freight traffic on railways)

- B.1.3.1 Güterverkehr nach Gütergruppen im Eisenbahnverkehr
(Freight traffic on railways by categories of goods)

- B.1.4 Güterverkehr in der Binnenschifffahrt: Geleistete Tonnenkilometer auf Wasserstrassen (1875-2010)
(Freigth traffic on inland waterways: tonne-kilometre)

- B.1.4.1 Güterverkehr nach Gütergruppen in der Binnenschifffahrt
(Freight traffic by categories of goods on inland waterways)

B.2 Personenverkehr (1952-2000)
(Passenger transport)

- B.2.1 Personenbeförderung nach Verkehrszweigen
nach der amtlichen Statistik (1952-2000)
(Passenger transport by mode of traffic,calculated by the official Statistics)

- B.2.2 Personenbeförderung der Eisenbahnen
nach Berechnungen des DIW
(Passenger transport by railroad,calculated by the German Institute of Economic Research, DIW)

- B.2.3 Personenbeförderung durch Straßenverkehrsunternehmen
(1950-2000)
(Passenger transport by road traffic transportation companies)

• C. Ausgaben, Investitionen und Vermögen
(expenditures, investments and assets)

C.1.1 Ist-Ausgaben des Bundes für Verkehr in Mio. € (1950-2000)
(Actual federal spending on Transport in million Euro)

C.1.2 Ist-Ausgaben des Bundes für Verkehr in Mio. DM. (1950-2000)
(Actual federal spending on Transport in million Deutsche Mark)

C.2.1.1 Brutto-Anlageinvestitionen insgesamt zu den jeweiligen Preisen (1950-2000)
(Gross fixed investment at current prices)

C.2.1.2 Brutto-Anlageinvestitionen insgesamt zu den Preisen von 1995, in Mio.DM (1950-2000)
(Gross fixed investment at prices of 1995, in Million Deutsche Mark)

C.2.2.1 Brutto-Anlagevermögen in Preisen von 1995 (DM und EURO),
1950-2000
(Gross permanent assets in prices of 1995, Euro and Deutsche Mark)

C.2.2.2 Netto-Anlagevermögen in Preisen von 1995 (DM und EURO),
1950-2000
(Net permanent assets in prices of 1995, Euro and Deutsche Mark)

C.3 Erwerbstätige in 1000 nach Verkehrszweigen (1950-2000)
(Employed in 1000 by mode of transport)

• D. Verkehrsunfälle
(traffic accidents)

D.1.1 Verkehrsunfälle nach Verkehrszweigen (1960-2000)
(traffic accidents by mode of transport)

D.1.2 Verkehrsunfälle und Verunglückte in der Luftfahrt (1960-2006)
(traffic accidents and the persons who has suffered the accident in aviation)

D.1.3 Bahnbetriebsunfälle auf Vollspurbahnen der Deutschen Bundesbahn nach Unfallarten,
früheres Bundesgebiet und Deutschland (1946-1962; 1985-2011)
(Railway operations accidents on full gauge railways of the German Federal Railway and the
German Railway AG in Germany)

D.2.1.1 Straßenverkehrsunfälle insgesamt nach Verunglückten,
Reichsgebiet (1906-1938)
(Road traffic accidents in total and by persons who has suffered the accident, German Empire)

D.2.1.2 Straßenverkehrsunfälle insgesamt nach Verunglückten (1946-2000)
(Road traffic accidents in total and by Persons who has suffered the accident,
Federal Republic of Germany and Germany after reunification)

D.2.2 Straßenverkehrsunfälle nach Verunglückten
und nach Straßenkategorien (1973-2000)
(Road traffic accidents by Persons who has suffered the accident and by categories of streets)

D.2.3 Unfälle mit Personenschaden je 10000 Kfz sowie je 1 Mill. Einwohner
(Accidents involving personal injury per 10.000 motor vehicles and per 1 Million of Population)

D.2.5 Unfälle nach Art der Verkehrsbeteiligung (1957-2000)
(Accidents by mode of participation in the road traffic)

D.2.6 Unfälle mit Personenschaden nach Unfallursachen,
von Hundert (1960-2000)
(Accidents involving personal injury by accident causes)

D.2.4 Unfälle mit Personenschaden je 1 Mrd. Fahrzeugkilometer
(Injury accidents per 1 billion vehicle kilometers)

• E. Kennziffern in EU-Vergleich
(Traffic-indices in EU-comparison)

E.1 Länge der Verkehrswege für Schienenverkehr und Straßennetz
(1930-2000 und 1985-2000)
(Length of traffic ways: railway lines and roads)

E.2 Bestand an Kraftfahrzeugen, insgesamt und pro 1000 Einwohner
(1985-2000)
(Stock of motor vehicles, totally and per 1.000 of population)

E.3. Straßenverkehrsunfälle mit Personenschaden (1985-2000)
(Road accidents in with injury to persons)

E.4.1 Beförderte Personen durch die Eisenbahn (1985-2000)
(Persons transported by the railway)

E.4.2 Beförderte Güter durch die Eisenbahn (1985-2000)
(Freight transported by the railway)

区域经济、贸易乃至繁荣的发展，均与可用的交通基础设施密切相关。交通部门保障人员流动以及货物与信息的高效交换，使得地理距离的重要性日益降低。在此进程中，各类交通与信息领域均发挥着关键作用。本数据集汇编自德国联邦共和国交通统计中的精选时间序列（time series），涵盖交通领域的多个维度。本数据集共包含1034条时间序列，其覆盖时段基本涵盖原联邦德国以及1990年10月3日统一后的德国全境（即原德意志联邦各州与新加入的德意志各州）。

关于机动车与铁路货车保有量的数据，可追溯至1870年至1907年的德意志帝国时期。由于本数据集汇编所使用的数据源分类标准存在差异，少数情况下时间序列的可比性可能受限。此类情况会在单元格与列的专属注释中予以说明。

本数据集的核心聚焦于交通的功能维度，涵盖除航空之外的各类交通方式的车辆保有量、交通线路与运输服务。此外，还包含德国交通预算、联邦交通支出、交通系统投资以及交通设施联邦资产的相关数据表。

机动车保有量与注册信息按照车辆类型、发动机排量等级以及驱动方式进行细分。新车注册信息还额外按车主职业进行分类列示。

关于铁路领域，本数据集收集了铁路货车、客车车厢与机车的保有量，火车站数量、工业企业铁路接轨点以及平交道口的相关数据。在内河航运领域，则收集了按船舶类型划分的船舶数量、载重能力以及船舶平均船龄的信息。

各类交通方式的客运与货运运输信息以运输服务的形式呈现。各交通方式均在单独的数据表中进行详细展开与进一步细分。公路与内河货运的运输总量及运输周转量还将按商品组别进一步拆解。

交通事故信息按交通方式与道路使用类型进行列示，而航空、铁路与道路交通事故则会在单独的数据表中详细呈现。得益于较为完善的数据源情况，铁路交通事故数据为本章节的重点关注内容。本数据集汇编的最后部分为欧盟对比项下的精选指标。

### 详细统计主题
#### 道路交通与铁路运输保有量
交通网络与车辆保有量是经济体实现流动的重要基础，其中机动车交通尤为显著地提升了个体出行的便利性。本数据收集涵盖公路、铁路与水路网络、铁路接轨点以及火车站等交通系统组成部分（本研究未涉及机场、联合运输设施、交通远程信息处理系统以及管网等领域）。

##### 铁路
德国的铁路运营主体包括国有铁路企业与私营铁路企业。在德国铁路发展早期，尤其是在重要的工商业城市，私营股份制公司应运而生，旨在为铁路线路的建设筹措资金。本数据集将国有与私营铁路企业的铁路线路长度、货车、客车车厢以及机车的保有量合并进行统计列示。
针对铁路线路长度、车站、专用线、平交道口以及车辆保有量的时间序列已完成汇编，其中车辆保有量细分为机车、客车车厢、客运车厢、行李车与货车。本数据集涵盖德意志帝国时期所有铁路企业的合并数据，以及联邦共和国时期的德国铁路数据（包括国有“德国联邦铁路”与“非国有铁路”即私营铁路），数据来源于德国联邦统计局出版物《Bevölkerung und Wirtschaft 1872-1972》（《1872-1972年人口与经济》，斯图加特与美因茨：Kohlhammer出版社，1972年）以及《德国联邦共和国统计年鉴》。
铁路线路长度按报告年度末的产权线路进行列示，机车、客车车厢与货车保有量按运营年度末统计。1937年之前的数据为铁路企业的产权保有量，此后的数据则为运营保有量，即统计值中包含其他铁路企业借入的车辆。
铁路技术经历了根本性变革。在原联邦德国区域，即德国联邦铁路的运营范围，所有蒸汽机车于1977年前逐步被柴油机车与电力机车取代。铁路线路类型实现统一（窄轨铁路线路已完全拆除），新型车厢与列车类型（如城际列车、跨欧特快列车）相继投入使用。但由于本研究的时间框架限制，无法以统计序列的形式详细追踪上述变革。
为尽可能获得稳定的时间序列，对于统计中单独列示的新型车厢类型或细分车厢类型，在可行范围内均归类为通用类别。例如，自1990年起，《德国联邦共和国统计年鉴》单独列示了“电力机车”“柴油机车”“电力客车车厢”与“柴油动车组”四类，本数据集将其统一归类为“客车车厢”通用序列。

##### 机动车
机动车诞生初期，其在货物运输领域的作用微乎其微。在铁路与有轨电车网络完善的德国人口稠密城市，早期机动车对经济与货物运输的贡献有限。此外，德国城市已具备铁路线路，但道路建设需要高昂的投资成本。直至20世纪20年代，机动车才在大都市地区作为运输工具站稳脚跟，而彼时乘用车仍是仅少数富人可负担的奢侈品。如今，汽车已成为必要的交通方式，助力人们参与社会生活——例如日常通勤，或是实现灵活快捷的货物运输。目前德国拥有全球最发达的公路网络之一。
本数据集收集了机动车总保有量以及按类型细分的机动车保有量的时间序列数据，数据源为各版《德国联邦共和国统计年鉴》。此外，新车注册信息还按车主职业、发动机排量以及驱动方式进行列示。机动车注册数据的另一数据源为德国汽车工业协会发布的《Tatsachen und Zahlen》（《事实与数据》）。

##### 运输与运输服务
除车辆保有量外，客运与货运领域的运输绩效亦是重要的交通与经济指标。运输绩效首先可通过绝对数值表示，即客运人数与货运货物重量。在统计层面，客运周转量以**PKM（旅客公里，Passenger Kilometre，即客运人数乘以运输里程）**为维度，货运周转量则以**TKM（吨公里，Tonne Kilometre，即货运吨数乘以运输里程）**为维度。运输周转量为运输距离与运输的人员或货物数量的乘积。铁路、公路与内河运输的上述四项指标均会予以列示。

##### 支出与投资
现代化的交通基础设施是提升国民经济竞争力的基础条件，而投资则是维护与发展交通基础设施的核心手段。因此，本数据集汇编了德国联邦共和国各类交通方式基础设施的支出与投资时间序列数据。此处列示的支出为上一预算年度实际发生的支付金额。交通支出涵盖运输投资、交通警务与交通管理相关费用，资金来源包括联邦政府、联邦州与地方政府，以及欧洲复兴计划特别基金（ERP-Sondervermögen，ERP即European Recovery Program，欧洲复兴计划）与补偿基金（Lastenausgleichsfond）。
固定资产总投资与永久资产均为反映技术供给潜力的货币价值指标，资产投资既包括扩建与合理化投资，也涵盖更新与维护投资。根据国民经济核算的定义，固定资产总额（Gross Fixed Capital Formation）包含新购与二手设备（扣除销售部分）以及自建设施的价值。设备与设施指用于维护、扩建与改进生产设施的耐用品、建筑物与车辆。
此外，本数据集还按交通方式列示了各领域的就业人数。固定资产总投资与就业人数可用于反映各交通领域的成本密集度。总永久资产指交通设施的重置价值，而净永久资产则以统一价格基准计算不同时期安装的设备价值。永久资产与资本投资的价值由德国经济研究所（DIW, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung）的固定资产账户计算得出（详见出版物《Verkehr in Zahlen》，即《交通数据》）。

##### 交通事故
各类交通方式的发展推动了经济与私人出行的流动规模大幅增长，但社会流动的另一面则是伴随财产损失、人员伤亡的交通事故。货物可通过公路、铁路、内河航运或航空进行运输，货物能否安全、快速地送达目的地，直接影响区域乃至国家的经济发展。
鉴于事故频率对经济与社会的重要性，本数据集收集了铁路、公路、水路与航空领域的交通事故信息，并按人员伤亡类型（死亡与受伤）进行细分。由于道路交通事故的发生频率远高于其他交通方式，本数据集对其予以重点关注。因此，本部分额外列示了以下维度的道路交通事故信息：按事故发生的道路类型（高速公路、乡村道路、城镇内外）分类；按事故参与方的交通类型以及事故原因（如驾驶员行为、道路状况等）分类。
德国联邦统计局定期发布《专题系列8：第7号》（Fachserie 8, No.7），其中包含大量交通事故统计数据。本数据集的事故频率、伤亡人数数据即来源于该出版物。此外，还参考了《德国联邦共和国统计年鉴》的“交通”章节。针对铁路运营事故，还额外参考了西古尔特·克拉特（Siegurt Klatt）的著作：*Die ökonomische Bedeutung der Qualität von Verkehrsleistungen*（《交通服务质量的经济意义》），柏林：Duncker&Humblot出版社，第228页及后续部分。

##### 欧盟对比交通指标
部分核心指标将以时间序列形式与欧盟成员国进行对比，包括铁路与公路网络长度、车辆保有量、道路交通事故以及铁路运输能力等。本次对比涉及的欧盟成员国包括：奥地利、比利时、德国联邦共和国、丹麦、西班牙、法国、芬兰、希腊、意大利、爱尔兰、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、瑞典与英国。
1985年之前的数据来源于米切尔（Mitchell）的著作：*International Historical Statistics - Europe 1750-1988*（《欧洲国际历史统计1750-1988》，第三版，1992年）。1985年之后的数据则来源于联邦交通、建筑与住房部（Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen, BMVI）发布、柏林德国经济研究所（DIW, Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung）整理的《Verkehr in Zahlen》（《交通数据》）。由于计算方法存在差异，DIW整理的数据与官方统计的时间序列之间可能存在不一致。

### 在线数据库histat中的数据表（主题：交通）
本研究的时间序列数据聚焦于以下具体主题：
• A. 公路、铁路与内河航运交通保有量
A.1.1 机动车保有量
- A.1.1.1 德意志帝国时期机动车保有量（1907-1938）
- A.1.1.2 按车辆类型划分的机动车与挂车保有量（1936-2000）
- A.1.1.3 按驱动方式划分的机动车保有量（1963-2000）
- A.1.1.4 按发动机排量等级划分的乘用车保有量（1950-2000）
A.1.2 机动车新车注册
- A.1.2.1 按车主职业划分的机动车新车注册（1950-1997）
- A.1.2.2 按发动机排量划分的乘用车新车注册（1950-1997）
- A.1.2.3 按驱动方式划分的机动车新车注册（1963-1999）
A.1.3 公路网络
- A.1.3.1 按道路类型划分的公共道路长度（1951-2000）
A.1.4 按年龄划分的人口与每千人机动车保有量（1960-2000）
A.2 铁路：车辆保有量与线路长度
- A.2.1 铁路：车辆保有量与线路长度，德意志帝国时期（1870-1937）
- A.2.1.2 铁路网络的区域发展——线路长度，德意志帝国时期（1839-1914）
- A.2.2 铁路：线路长度、火车站、接轨点与车辆保有量，联邦德国地区（1950-2000）
A.3 内河航运：船舶保有量与航道
- A.3.1 可通航内河航道长度（1872-2010）
- A.3.2 按船舶类型划分的船舶保有量、载重能力与年龄结构（1872、1969-2010）

• B. 按交通方式划分的运输与运输服务
B.1 按交通方式与商品组别划分的货运（1954-2000）
- B.1 按交通方式与商品组别划分的货运（1954-2000）
- B.1.1 按交通方式划分的货运，原联邦德国与德国全境（1954-2000）
- B.1.2 公路货运（长途与短途），原联邦德国与德国全境（1954-1997）
- B.1.2.1 按商品组别划分的公路货运
- B.1.3 铁路长途货运（1950-1997）
- B.1.3.1 按商品组别划分的铁路货运
- B.1.4 内河航运货运：航道上完成的吨公里运输量（1875-2010）
- B.1.4.1 按商品组别划分的内河航运货运
B.2 客运（1952-2000）
- B.2.1 按交通方式划分的客运，官方统计数据（1952-2000）
- B.2.2 按德国经济研究所（DIW）计算的铁路客运量（1952-2000）
- B.2.3 道路运输企业客运量（1950-2000）

• C. 支出、投资与资产
C.1.1 联邦交通实际支出（单位：百万欧元，1950-2000）
C.1.2 联邦交通实际支出（单位：百万德国马克，1950-2000）
C.2.1.1 按当期价格计算的总固定资产投资（1950-2000）
C.2.1.2 按1995年不变价格计算的总固定资产投资（单位：百万德国马克，1950-2000）
C.2.2.1 按1995年价格计算的总永久资产（单位：德国马克与欧元，1950-2000）
C.2.2.2 按1995年价格计算的净永久资产（单位：德国马克与欧元，1950-2000）
C.3 按交通方式划分的就业人数（单位：千人，1950-2000）

• D. 交通事故
D.1.1 按交通方式划分的交通事故（1960-2000）
D.1.2 航空交通事故与伤亡人员（1960-2006）
D.1.3 德国联邦铁路及德国铁路股份公司准轨铁路运营事故（按事故类型划分，原联邦德国与德国全境，1946-1962；1985-2011）
D.2.1.1 按伤亡类型划分的道路交通事故总计，德意志帝国时期（1906-1938）
D.2.1.2 按伤亡类型划分的道路交通事故总计，原联邦德国与统一后德国（1946-2000）
D.2.2 按伤亡类型与道路类型划分的道路交通事故（1973-2000）
D.2.3 每万辆机动车及每百万人口的伤人交通事故
D.2.5 按交通参与类型划分的事故（1957-2000）
D.2.6 按事故原因划分的伤人交通事故（1960-2000）
D.2.4 每十亿车公里的伤人交通事故

• E. 欧盟对比交通指标
E.1 铁路与公路交通线路长度（1930-2000及1985-2000）
E.2 机动车总保有量及每千人保有量（1985-2000）
E.3 伤人道路交通事故（1985-2000）
E.4.1 铁路客运量（1985-2000）
E.4.2 铁路货运量（1985-2000）